杂种性

The ploidy of about thousand pollen plants of rice that were obtained from anther culture in vitro were studied and the homozygosity and the hereditary rule of a part of those plants derived from hybrid F1 were investigated.

对自1972年以来，通过花药培养所获得的近千株花粉植株的倍数性和部分来源于杂种F_1的花粉植株的纯合性及性状遗传规律进行了研究。

So it needs improving or alternating urgently. Some good germplasms for rootstocks for citrus have been picked out and introdcted into. Some somatic hybrids used as rootstocks have been selected through somatoplasm fusion. Some methods in early identification on stability of inherence and copatiblity and dwarf are explored, and they need improving. Rootstocks having some virtues have been selected, but they cannot take the leading place of trifoliate orange. The research method that the rootstocks are only compared with each other should be altered into that the rootstocks and given control measures or environmental conductions are connected to make the rootstocks compared with each other.

在砧木选择研究进展上，中国调查出和引进了一些优良的柑橘砧木种质资源，通过体细胞融合选育出一些可作为柑橘砧木的柑橘体细胞杂种资源；在柑橘砧木资源的遗传稳定性、嫁接亲和性和矮化性等早期鉴定上，探索出一些有待完善的鉴定方法；在砧木选择上，选出一些具有某些优点的砧木，但尚不能冲击枳砧的主导地位，并且选择研究方法有必要把现行单纯的砧木比较改为与砧木种类、栽培技术或环境条件相结合进行比较。

The drought resistance of Chinese Wild Vitis species was studied by shape index, relative water content, and relative plasma permeability under the conditions of drought stress, and evaluated by subordinative function.

本研究以中国葡萄属野生种8个种11个株系，欧洲葡萄2个品种，河岸葡萄及燕山—1×河岸葡萄107株F_1代杂种共122份材料为试材，调查了盆栽干旱胁迫条件下叶片的形态变化指标，测定了相对含水量和细胞膜相对透性两项指标；以隶属函数法为手段处理这三项指标，对供试的葡萄属植物的抗旱性进行了综合评价。

2N gametes are the result of meiotic mutation during micro- and mega-sporogenesis that bear the sporophytic rather than the gametophytic chromosome number. This paper reviewed the genetic markers including the morphologic, cytological, isozymes and DNA markers, which have been employed in the generation, inheritance, heterozygosity and marker-assisted breeding of 2n gametes based on the frequency of large pollen grains, cytological analyses, unexpected occurrence of polyploidy progeny and the associations between parents and progenies.

文章综述了植物2n配子发生及其遗传标记研究现状，论述涉及有关形态学标记、细胞学标记、同工酶标记乃至DNA标记等遗传标记在2n配子研究中的应用，指出通过花粉形态观察、大小孢子母细胞减数分裂行为观察、杂种后代倍性鉴定以及亲子分子标记相关分析等，对2n配子发生、2n配子遗传类型与杂合性以及2n配子在育种实践中的有效性等进行研究。

The equations of heterosis areV(subscript F1)=(l/2)Na^2+(l/4)Nd^2+Vsubscript I(F1additive dominance F1 epistasisV=(1/2)Na^2+(l/2)V1,additive parental epistasisV=(1/4)Nd^2+Vsubscript I(F1+(1/2)Vl,dominance F1 epistasis parental epistasis.where N is number of genes controlling a trait,α=P(subscript i-P/2, d is deviation from midparent, while the variance components are all indicated by their names under the repective terms.

由一个二项分布随机变数及其推广至多项分布推导出杂种优势的公式：V(下标 F1)=Na^2/2+Nd^2/4+V下标(F1加性显性 F1上位V＝Na^2/2+V/2加性亲代上位V＝Nd^2/4+V下标(F1+V/2显性 F1上位亲代上位在此N=控制性状的基因数，α=p(下标 i-P/2， d=离中亲的偏差，而各方差则如方程底部所列。

Alignment results showed orf138 in purple Chinese cabbage CMS was homologous to Ogu CMS in Raphanus sativus and cybrids of Brassica crops with Raphanus sativus.

测序和同源性比对结果表明，紫色大白菜CMS的orf138与萝卜Ogura不育系的orf138、芸薹属作物与萝卜Ogu CMS体细胞杂种的orf138同源性均达到99%，E值为2e-155。

The other two groups are longan and'Longli, a special germplasm', which is a natural hybrid of litchi and longan. The results from RAPD analysis also showed that longan might be the maternal parent and the extremely early maturing litchi types be the paternal parent since'Longli'is closer to longan in the taxnomy. This information would be useful in the distant crossing breeding to fruit of Sapindaceae family.

根据RAPD分析揭示的多态性水平和聚类分析结果及马贵荔×焦核三月红的F〓杂种群体表现出的广泛分离和父本特有RAPD位点分离方式的偏态性，本研究对荔枝的分类学提出新见解，认为广东的三月红、云南的褐毛荔等极早熟荔枝类型（在广州于5月20目前成熟）在分类上可自成一类，其地位应提高到&变种&一级。

In addition,the proportion of Typical Abortive pollen and Normal pollen acted as the fertility indexs and typical sterile group or normal fertile group was classified in segregative population according to the pollen fertility of parent or F1 hybrid.

在育性指标的划分上，本研究确定以亲本不育系及与恢复系配制的杂种F_1的花粉育性作为划分典型不育株和正常结实株的标准。

Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to study the new approaches of QTL mapping, the results indicated that general least squares method, which was widely applied in mixed linear model, could unbiasedly estimate all genetic main effects, including additive effects, dominance effects and epistatic effects of additive by additive, additive by dominance, dominance by additive, dominance by dominance.

对新提出的QTL分析力法进行了Monte Carlo模拟研究，结果表明，广泛应用于混合线性模型的广义最小二乘法能够无偏估计加性效应，显性效应以及加加、加显、显加、显显上位性效应等各项遗传主效应；运用线性无偏预测法能够无偏预测上述各项遗传主效应与环境的互作效应；基于QTL效应的杂种优势预测也是无偏的。

Sequences were aligned by BLAST method. Results showed that 309bp fragments shared high similarity with orfl38 in Ogu CMS radish and Brassica cybrids of Ogu CMS radish, which 172 nucleotide sequences and 58 amino acids were same among them. And 689bp fragments shared high similarity (100%) with Pol orf224 in B.napus, which 677 nucleotide sequences and 225 amino acids were same among them.

同源性分析结果表明，利用orf138引物所获得的309bP大白菜mtDNA特异片段均与萝卜Ogu CMS、甘蓝型油菜Ogu CMS萝卜体细胞杂种所具有的Ogu orf138高度同源，二者有172个核苷酸完全相同，有58个氨基酸完全相同；orf224引物所获得的689bP大白菜mtDNA特异片段与甘蓝型油菜的Pol orf224高度同源，二者有677个核苷酸完全相同，有225个氨基酸完全相同，同源性均达到100%。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。