杂种

2N gametes are the result of meiotic mutation during micro- and mega-sporogenesis that bear the sporophytic rather than the gametophytic chromosome number. This paper reviewed the genetic markers including the morphologic, cytological, isozymes and DNA markers, which have been employed in the generation, inheritance, heterozygosity and marker-assisted breeding of 2n gametes based on the frequency of large pollen grains, cytological analyses, unexpected occurrence of polyploidy progeny and the associations between parents and progenies.

文章综述了植物2n配子发生及其遗传标记研究现状，论述涉及有关形态学标记、细胞学标记、同工酶标记乃至DNA标记等遗传标记在2n配子研究中的应用，指出通过花粉形态观察、大小孢子母细胞减数分裂行为观察、杂种后代倍性鉴定以及亲子分子标记相关分析等，对2n配子发生、2n配子遗传类型与杂合性以及2n配子在育种实践中的有效性等进行研究。

"I knew you would come, Gaspar you bastard!"

&我就知道你会来的，Gaspar你个狗杂种！&

Sp. tritici, Puccinia recondita, and Gibberella;protein content; photosynthesis efficiency; yield in a limited area, etc.

该品系在抗病性、蛋白质含量、光能利用率、小区产量等方面都比亲本普通小麦优越，表现出较强的双重杂种优势。

Fromthese facts,It could be deduced that 8 to 14 pairs of chromosomes possessed a certaindegree of hetorology,which was directly groved to be hybrid origin of P.tomentosaaccording to the good chromosome homology and fertility of P.bolleana and thehybrids of P.tomentosa×P.bolleana,it could be further deduced that the original parentsof P.tomentosa involved probably P.bolleana or P.alba.

从终变期、中期I的染色体构型看，有数目不等的联会程度较差的单价体和棒状二价体出现，在后期I，甚至末期I亦可见到含落后染色体分裂相的细胞，由此推断可能有8~14对染色体表现出一定程度的异源性，鉴于新疆杨以及毛白杨与新疆杨杂交产生的杂种毛新杨的染色体同源性较强、育性较好等现象，进一步推断毛白杨起源亲本可能包括新疆杨或银白杨。

Information on the combining ability and heterotic patterns of maize germplasm is of great value to maize breeders.

研究玉米种质的遗传关系及其杂种优势模式对玉米育种者有着极为重要的指导意义。

The heterotic application in maize breeding makes a great contribution to increase maize production since 1960 in China.

从20世纪60年代以来，我国玉米的产量得到大幅度地提高，杂种优势的广泛利用发挥了决定性的作用。

In showed super dominant effect and dominant effect had main action in Sorghum × Sudan heterotic basis.

超显性效应和显性效应在高丹草杂种优势的遗传基础中占主导地位。

The objectives of this study were: 1 to assess the breeding potential of maize populations including 2 of tropical origin and 7 of temperate origin;2 to find a new heterotic pattern among the 9 populations.

评估2个热带群体和7个温带群体的育种价值，并在这些群体之间寻找新的杂种优势模式，为利用这些种质提供有用的科学信息。

In order to get high yield, the individual biomass and related factors (height, tillers and leaves number) were located on the chromosomes and analyzed genetic effect with QTLs. The heterotic vigor was discussed.

为提高育种中对牧草产量性状优良基因型选择的效率，对高丹草的单株产量及其构成因素进行QTL定位，确定其在染色体的位置及其遗传效应，探讨其杂种优势产生原因。

The six groups classified by cluster analysis of SSR markers is consistent with the available pedigree and the result of combining ability. So it is feasible to analyze the genetic diversity of maize population by SSR markers and to distinguish heterotic group by method of mixed sampling.

6个玉米群体的聚类结果与系谱来源和田间配合力测定结果基本一致，说明，用若干单株混合取样分析玉米群体SSR的遗传多样性，进而对不同玉米群体划分杂种优势类群是可行的。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。