杂种

The yield, quality, resistance and chromosome characteristics of the hybrids were analyzed, and the improvement of the grasses using gene introgression, androgenesis and genetic modification methods was introduced. The latest advance in GISH, genetic map construction and QTL of Festulolium hybrids were described here.

本文总结了黑麦草羊茅杂种高产、优质、抗性强的优势；分析了杂种染色体配型特点；重点介绍了通过基因渗入、雄核发育和转基因手段改良牧草的方法；对黑麦草羊茅杂种基因组原位杂交、分子标记和遗传图谱建立、数量性状位点分析等分子遗传学的最新研究进展进行了综述。

The average heterosis of the grain yield per plant is 75. 79%, 57. 67% and 12. 55% in the hybrids of the common wheat with spelt wheat, club wheat and itself respectively. the heterosis degree of the interspecific hybrid was greater than that of intervarietal hybrid.

普通小麦与斯卑尔脱小麦的种间杂种每株产量的平均杂种优势为75.79%，普通小麦与密穗小麦的种间杂种每株产量的平均杂种优势为57.67%，普通小麦品种间杂种每株产量的平均杂种优势为12.55%，种间杂种优势大于品种间杂种优势。

The average heterosis of spike number per plant and 1 000-grain-weight were high and obviously related to yield heterosis at 0. 01 and 0. 05 level, respectively; the average yield heterosis of F1 hybrids between common wheat and club wheat was 77. 19%(ranged from-2. 18% to 143. 42%), the average heterosis of spike number per plant and spike grain number were high and both was also obviously related to yield heterosis at 0. 01 level.

结果发现：小麦种间杂种在产量上具有明显的杂种优势，其中斯卑尔脱小麦与普通小麦所配的30个种间杂交组合产量杂种优势平均为109.24%(43.14%～187.96%)，单株穗数及千粒重平均优势较大且与产量优势的相关分别达极显著水平和显著水平；密穗小麦与普通小麦所配的30个种间杂种的杂种优势为77.19%(-2.18%～143.42%)，单株穗数和主穗粒数优势较大且与产量优势的相关均达极显著水平。

The distribution of hybrid chlorosis Ch1 gene and the T-type cytoplasm fertility restoring genes in Chinese endemic wheats were studied using the testors QA1104 (T-type cytoplasm sterile line, with hybrid chlorosis Ch2 gene) and Khapli emmer (with hybrid chlorosis Ch1 gene).

本研究以T型不育系QA1104（具有杂种黄化基因Ch2）和Khapli（具有杂种黄化基因Ch1）为测验种，对中国特有小麦等六倍体小麦类型和一些四倍体小麦类型中的T型胞质育性恢复基因和杂种黄化Ch1基因的分布进行了研究。

Purpuraristatus, the growth, fertility, chromosome configuration, EST isozyme etc. were analyzed in this paper. The results showed that the growth potentiality of (E. sibiricus×E. purpuraristatus) F2 and (E. purpuraristatus×E. sibiricus) F1 were much stronger than their parents, the plant height of the former was 143.2 cm. The whole plant was reseda, the latter was 129.7 cm. The spike nodding of two hybrids were in the middle of their parents, the anther was yellow; the pollen fertility was 0.02%~0.03%, seed set was 0; the average chromosome configuration of former pollen mother cell at PMC M Ⅰ was 6.90Ⅰ+14. 02Ⅱ, the latter was 7.82Ⅰ+13.59 Ⅱ, and lagging chromosome and bridge fragment were observed at meiosis anaphase Ⅰ the EST of the two hybrids F1 and their parents at tillering stage was some certain different in locus, number and intensity.

结果表明，正交F1和反交F1植株的生长势均很强，正交F1株高143.2 cm、全株浅绿色，反交F1株高129.7 cm、全株灰绿色；正、反交F1的穗型均呈双亲中间型，花药呈黄色，花粉可育率0.02%~0.03%，结实率为0，说明杂种高度不育；正交F1的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ平均染色体构型为6.90Ⅰ+14.02Ⅱ，反交F1为7.82Ⅰ+13.59Ⅱ，减数分裂后期丁有落后染色体和染色体桥等不规则现象；亲本及其正、反交杂种F1分某期幼叶的EST同工酶酶带的位点、数目和强弱均存在一定差异，可作为亲本及杂种在蛋白质水平识别的重要依据。

Four hundred and twenty three ( 262 for HB×T, 49 for S×T, 111for R×T and 1 for B×T) out of 990 individuals exhibiting the trifoliate phenotype oftrifoliate orange were considered to be hybrids by morphology identification and SSRverification; Six hundred and fourteen of 756 plantlets derived from other crosses wereverified to be hybrids by SSR analysis. Of them, 244 for HB×\'Nova\' tangelo, 179 forHB×\'Page\' tangelo, 172 for HB×\'Fairchild\' tangelo, 1 for \'Bendizao\'tangerine×\'Nova\'tangelo, 7 for \'Bendizao\'tangerine×\'Page\' tangelo, 3 for \'Bendizao\'tangerine×\'Murcott\'tangor and 8 for satsuma mandarin×\'Nova\' tangelo.

为区分杂种苗和珠心苗，用形态识别和SSR分析，鉴定了990株枳的杂交后代，得到了423株三叶杂种(HB柚×枳262株，温州蜜柑×枳49株，红橘×枳111株，华农本地早橘×枳1株)；SSR分析鉴定了其它杂交后代的756个单株，结果共获得了614株杂种，其中HB柚×诺瓦244株，HB柚×佩奇179株，HB柚×费尔切尔德172株，华农本地早橘×诺瓦1株，华农本地早橘×佩奇7株，华农本地早橘×默科特3株，温州蜜柑×诺瓦8株。

And it is especially applicable to quick measurement for great batch of samples.3 MT dynamics in blood , feces and urine,and MT accumulation in tissues and organs of DLY pigs and WD pigs were also conducted by a isotopic tracing method using MT labeled with ~(125)I ~(125)I-MT which was affused through mouth..It was shown that MT was absorbted perfectly with a tardigrade mode and remained about 31 hours in the digestive tract of both DLY pigs and WD pigs . MT excreted from feces and urine of DLY pigs accounted for 7.91 and 21.45 percent of total MT affused through mouth while MT excreted from feces and urine of WD pigs accounted for 10.09 and 11.85 percent of total MT affused through mouth, respectively.

灵敏度为4.1ng/ml，批内变异系数和批间变异系数分别为9.06%和12.35%，具有特异性强、灵敏度较高、稳定性和重复性好、适合于大批量样品检测等特点。3利用~(125)I标记MT~(125I-MT进行同位素示踪，研究了MT在杜长大杂交猪和杂种野猪体内吸收速率、代谢过程、排泄途径、在各组织器官中存留规律和代谢动力学，发现MT在杂交猪和杂种野猪体内能被完整地吸收，但吸收速度较慢；MT在消化道内存留时间为31h左右；MT在杜长大杂交猪粪中和尿中排出量分别占灌喂总量的7.91%和21.45%，杂种野猪相应值分别为10.09%和11.85%，二者尿中排出的MT量差异显著(P.01)。

The characteristics of the grafted "Improved Sweet Orange" seedlings showed various segregations, such as "yellow fresh color of Aurantium type","chimaera of red or yellow fresh color of Aurantium type","red fresh color of Aurantium type","chimaera fruit of 1Vlicroacrumen type" and "variant of Microacrumen type", in the vegetative progenies found so far.

一种是把植物的嫁接变异视为&嫁接杂种&；另一种看法则认为除非两个嫁接亲本体细胞的核真正融合在一起，成为染色体数加倍的新个体，才能称为&嫁接杂种&，而这种&嫁接杂种&至今还未见到有可靠的报道。目前所见到的有关嫁接变异的报道，实际上是一些&嫁接嵌合体&，即两个嫁接亲本体细胞的机械嵌合。

Aimed at the arising problems such as the cross-incompatibility and hybrid's sterility during distant hybridization of fruit trees, effects of different treatments on cross-compatibility of distant hybridization in stone fruits were studied based on the former studies, then physiological and biochemical changes during hybridization between plum and apricot were primarily discussed, and rescue and culture system of hybrids' embryos were also conducted, further the genetic variation and principle between the hybrids and their parents were analyzed and methods of identification of hybrids were established.

针对果树远缘杂交过程中存在的杂交不亲和性及杂种不育性等问题，在前人研究的基础上，研究了不同处理对核果类果树远缘杂交亲和性的效应，并探讨了李、杏属间杂交过程中发生的生理生化变化以及花粉与柱头的互作，建立了李、杏属间远缘杂种的胚培养技术体系，建立了杂种鉴定检测方法，并分析了杂种后代与其父母本之间的遗传变异及规律，最终将一批远缘杂交新种质定植于大田，同时对自然界存在的杏梅种质资源进行了RAPD分析。

By removed ovary culture after positive and negative hybridization, produced interspecific hybridization, and have improved the hybrid seed through removed ovary culture and induced to shoot by culture medium MS, and produced hybrid F1, the plant of Brassica junce×B.pekinesis, the advantage characteristic of hybrid plant is similar to female nature;By cytology authenticating, chromosome number of F1 young flower bud cell (2n=28), it is the sum of monoploid chromosome number of female parent Brassica junce(2n=36) and male parent B.pekinesis(2n=20); The hybridization to Brassica junce×B.pekinesis, and embryonic bud come from removed ovary culture, and it found another form of plant embryo saving.

以芸薹属植物芥菜型油菜和白菜为研究对象，对其进行常规正反杂交后子房的离体培养，通过离体子房培养获得的杂种种子经MS培养基诱导成苗，获得了芥菜型油菜与白菜的杂种F1代植株，表现出杂种优势；通过细胞学的方法，鉴定了杂种F1幼蕾体的细胞染色体数为2n=28，为母本芥菜型油菜（2n=36）和父本白菜（2n=20）的单倍体染色体数之和；芥菜型油菜与白菜常规杂交后，经离体子房培养获得了&胚性芽&，确立了植物胚挽救的另一种形式。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了