杂合的

①Location of WD gene in Ch inese: Using pairwise linkage analysis and multipoint linkage analysis method, w e constructed a genetic map of DNA markers within D13q14.2-3 which refined the location of WD gene by restriction fragment length polymorphism and microsatellite polymorphism analysis;②Screen for mutations of WD gene in Chinese people: we detected the structure of 21 exons of WD ge ne in 45 patients from 39 pedigrees by PCR-SSCP(Single strand conformation poly morphism) and PCR-DNA sequencing technology, found a new mutation in exon 5 and nuclcotide sequence analysis showed it is a T insertion. We also conformed the Arg778Leu in exon 8, the highest frequence mutation point in Chinese people, wit h mutation rate 22.8%in total;③Carrier detection and presymptomatic diagnosi s of WD: Based on DNA recombination technology, we peformed successfully the gen e diagnosis in all individuals of 79 families with WD and built up a helpful spe cific enzyme cut method (PCR-Msp1) to detect the carrier and presympomatic patients in Chinese pe ople with WD.

①WD的基因定位研究：通过RFLP及微卫星多态性分析，应用两位点及多位点连锁软件，建立了中国人WD基因在D13q14.2-3区域的精细遗传连锁图谱，从而首次对中国人WD基因进行了精确定位；②WD基因突变研究：应用PCR-SSCP及DNA测序技术，对39个家系45名WD患者进行该致病基因的21个外显子突变筛选，发现WD基因5号外显子存在新的T插入突变，并证实中国人WD基因的突变热点为8号外显子，突变形式为Arg778Leu，其频率为22.8%；③WD的症状前诊断和杂合子检出：应用DNA重组技术对79个家系进行基因诊断，成功地进行了WD的症状前诊断和杂合子检出，并建立了WD的基因筛选的PCR-Msp 1酶切方法。

N = 14, permanent translocation heterozygote; self-compatible, autogamous, often cleistogamous.

2n = 14，永久的易位异型杂合子；自交亲合，自花受精，通常闭花受精。

Secondly, quantifying markers: Because genes polymorphism or the codominant molecular marker electropherogram in a gene locus present 3 states, we can quantify them with -1,0 and 1 respectively.

将标记的在电泳时表现的三种状态：隐性纯合、杂合及显性纯合分别量化为"-1"、"0"和"1"。

By using the Neighbor-joining method, a dendrogram was obtained based on genetic distances. The bootstrap values were evaluated for each crunode of the dendrogram by means of bootstrap test. The results showed that the mean heterozygosity of the whole native egg-typing duck breeds population was lower than those of native chicken breeds and goose breeds, suggesting that the genetic diversity in those duck breeds population is relativly rare and should be strengthened. The rank of the heterozygosity was consistent with that of the polymorphism information content. The results of the genetic distances between them indicated that the differentiation occurred long time ago. In the dendrogram, Weishan pocked, Youxian pocked, Huainan pocked, Guangxi pocked and Jingjiang pocked were classified into one goup, Chaohuand Enshi pocked were the second group, Liancheng white, Putian black, Jinding, Shanma, Sansui and Shaoxing were the flnra grong.

结果表明：我国所有蛋鸭品种全部群体的平均杂合度较低，其遗传多样性相对贫乏，各保种场要加强多样性的保护；各品种的平均多态信息含量的高低与群体平均杂合度的顺序完全一致；遗传距离的计算说明了13个品种的遗传距离较远，分化时间较长；13个地方蛋鸭品种被聚类为3个类，微山麻鸭、攸县麻鸭、淮南麻鸭、广西小麻鸭、荆江麻鸭聚为一类；巢湖鸭和恩施麻鸭聚为一类；福建省的鸭种连城白鸭、莆田黑鸭、金定鸭、山麻鸭与三穗鸭、绍兴鸭聚为一类。

AIM: To investigate genome-wide loss of heterozygosity and homozygous deletion in human pancreatic cancer cell lines.

目的：研究胰腺癌细胞基因组范围内的纯合性缺失和杂合性缺失(loss of heterozygosity， LOH)。

The differentiation coefficient is 0.07 between three inbreed families respectively. The highest level of genetic homozygosity is in families Ⅱ at 18, but genetic variation is a little difference between inbreeding pig and mice. However, this study revealed the pattern of genetic variation at microsatellite loci in the 3 inbred families of WZSP with one of the most important findings to be the high level of unexpected heterozygosity at some loci, e.g. Sw874 and Sw936 that could be part of the unique genetics of three families. A hypothesis is that certain functional genes linked with such microsatellite loci may be involved in the maintenance of viability of these inbred families of WZSP remains for further investigation.

随近交代数的推进，每个星座上等位基因数越来越少，基因的纯合度越来越高，但WZSP近交系微卫星等位基因的纯合度有一定的限度，与近交鼠有所不同；在近交系3个家系各个世代中有少数几个基因座，如Sw874和Sw936等一直处于高度杂合状态，这可能与WZSP近交家系的种质特异性有关，推测与这些基因座处于同一连锁群的某些功能基因在维持极高近交水平下WZSP的基本生存能力中起着关键作用。3个近交群体间的分化系数在0.07以上，已各自成为独立家系；3个家系的近交程度不完全一致，基因的纯合度亦不同，Ⅱ系最高、14个微卫星座中7个纯合，其次为Ⅰ系和Ⅲ系。

It were analyzed DNA polymorphism in baby rats between outbred Wistar and SD rats with 30 microsatellites DNA loci of PCR amplification. And was breeding baby inbred rats using high and middle of Coefficient of similarity with female SD rats of F0. It was indicated that there were hybrid and polymorphism loci, there weren't homo-gene loci of F2. It were monomorphism homo-gene for 27, rate of homo-gene loci for 90%.

利用PCR扩增30个微卫星DNA位点对封闭群SD和Wistar大鼠交配繁殖的仔代鼠进行微卫星DNA多态性分析，仔代中与母代SD大鼠相似系数高的与中的进行定向交配繁殖。F2代大鼠均为杂合多态的位点，没有纯合位点；到F9代时基因纯合位点达27个，纯合基因位点率为90%。

This can be the case for genes with a heterozygote advantage, such as sickle cell anemia or Tay-Sachs disease, which in their heterozygote form may offer an advantage against, respectively, malaria and tuberculosis.

有杂合体优势的基因就是这种情况，如镰状细胞贫血或泰-萨克氏症在其杂合子形式可以分别提供抵御疟疾和肺结核的优势。

Moreover, the actual allele frequency of most varieties deviates far from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. All PPB、na 、I、h、Gi and Fst have proved to be the references to elucidate that ISSR is a most powerful tool to analyze genetic diversity, compared with the RAPD marker and the allozyme marker is less strong ordinally. We could divided the 70 samples into A, B, C, D and E five groups using three methods according to genetic distance clustering. There is a bit displacement for few varieties in different clustering maps, but the most are similar to morphological analysis despite that there is still a great difference among cultivars in the same one group. The above results imply that the three methods have the different sensitivity and resolution in genetic distance analysis of close varieties. The Mantel test indicates that the results from the three kinds of markers have the significant correlation, which demonstrates that the number of the used three kinds of markers is enough to exactly detect the diversity of all 70 samples to ideal extent. And these methods can be used to evaluate the diversity of the whole group using the miscellaneous samples instead of the individual sample, of the Gerbera jamesonii are mainly from tissue culture plants. In conclusion, the above study results provide a reference for the application of three kinds of molecular markers to molecular marker-assisted breeding of flower. 2. The genetic diversity among the eight introduced cut-flower varieties of Ranunculus asiatica was analyzed by the ISSR markers. Based on the genetic clustering tree, all the colorful flower varieties are clustered into one group, and the white flower varieties into another group. Moreover, among the former group the yellow flower varieties are clustered into one sub-group, and the reddish flower varieties, such as rose color, pink, nacarat, are clusetered into another sub-group.

由三种分子标记的分析结果可以看出，等位基因平均值、观察杂合度、Fis值、Fit值皆较高，表明非洲菊等位基因较丰富，杂合基因偏多，且绝大部份品种的实际等位基因频率在品种内偏离了Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium；PP8、na、Ⅰ、h、Gi及Fst皆表明，ISSR检测遗传多样性的能力最强，其次是RAPD，等位酶最低；根据遗传距离进行聚类，三种方法都把70个品种分成A、B、C、D、E五个大组，每一组中除少数品种发生位移外，大部份品种分类结果相似，且与形态分析结果有相似性，但在每一组中，品种间的聚类差别较大，表明这三种方法在近距离品种间检测遗传变异时灵敏度及分辨力不同；Mantel检测表明，三种标记的分析结果有显著相关性，表明所用的三种分子方法的标记数量已经可以相对无偏地检测到70个品种间遗传变异；非洲菊为组培苗，三种标记的检测结果皆表明，混合样品可以作为个体样品的代表，对整个居群的遗传多样性进行评价；这些研究结果可为三种分子标记方法在花卉分子辅助育种中的进一步应用提供借鉴。

For the group of M=Mn,Fe,Cu, the inorganic layers possibly consist of corner-sharing octahedra of [MCl6], but for the group of M=Co,Zn, they possibly are tetrahedra of [MCl4] without sharing any geometric element.

而且M=Mn，Fe，Cu的杂合物组与M=Co，Zn的杂合物组存在组内的结构相似性和组间的结构差异性。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。