杂交

ABSTRACT It is because that the excellent acceptors for maize transgenic engineering are insufficient in our country, especially in the southwest mountain areas of china and hereditary variation regularity for the two characters such as efficiency of embryonic callus induction and number of regenerating plant (these two characters were abbreviated to the nduction efficiency and number of regenerating in the following of the paper, respectively), which hint the maize culturing capacity, is not very clear. Therefore, aiming at picking out superior acceptors, we had made systematic researches on the two characters with combing traditional quantitative-character genetic analyzing methods such as single-factor genetic mating design, diallel crossing genetic design, genetic effect analyzing method and the modern molecular locating method such as QTLs'. The main results are followed.(1) 50 superior inbred lines and about 30 crosses in our country, especially in the southwest of China were used for identifying and selecting the superior genotypes in the above two investigated characters under the same culturing condition in 2000 and 2001. There was very significant difference among the genotypes in the both characters. But the two characters were not certainly related. Some genotypes such as 18-599 and 18-599 were very good in them. For some ones such as zong 31, induction was higher than 18-599 and 18-599 in the efficiency, but it was only 1/3 to the later in regenerating number. In some genotypes such as S37, R08, R15, P138, A318, induction efficiency was just about 3% and scarcely any regenerating plants were got. On the whole, hybrids acted better than inbreeds in the both characters.(2) Two kind of inbreeds were selected as parents of the Griffing's method 1. 18-599 and 18-599 and the inbred line zong 31 are one kind because they are not only superior in the characters of maize cross breeding, such as CA, resistance to disease and the important agricultural characters, but also excellent in transformation characters as the induction and regeneration.

针对我国、特别是西南山地所需玉米转基因工程育种优良受体极为匮乏和反应玉米幼胚培养能力的2个主要性状，即玉米幼胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数的遗传变异规律十分不清楚的实际情况，本研究从筛选玉米转基因工程所需要的优良受体入手，采用单因素遗传交配设计、双列杂交遗传交配设计、世代基因效应等传统数量性状分析方法，以及现代分子标记定位主效QTL分析方法，对玉米幼胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个性状进行了较为系统的分析研究，取得以下主要研究结果：(1)于2000年和2001年通过对我国、特别是西南地区近50份优良自交系和近30个杂交组合，在相同培养条件下，对幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个幼胚培养能力性状进行了筛选与鉴定，发现玉米不同基因型具有完全不同的幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数，但幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率与胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数并不具有必然的相关关系，有的基因型，如自交系18-599和18-599在胚性愈伤组织诱导率和愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个性状都表现相当优异；有的基因型，如自交系综31，仅幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率性状表现高于19-599和18-599，但在胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数这一性状则与它们有相当大的差距，仅为19-599和18-599的1/3左右；有的基因型，如S37、R08、R15、P138、A318等玉米自交系不仅幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率很低，平均仅在3％左右，而且胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数表现也很差，基本上没有分化成苗。

As humans interbred, soon other kingdoms also interbred and sometimes at scientific hands.

当人类杂交，不久其它王国也杂交，有时是在科学家的手上。

Whereas those in conventional indica root form ed loosely and cell walls lignified less.

常规粳稻、杂交粳稻、常规籼稻、杂交籼稻和早稻幼苗根系解剖结构的差异。

Two isolates ( BO1218 BO1199)can form perithecia when they were cultured with KA3(MAT1-1) and Z46(MAT1-2).Three isolates ( BO1218 BO1199 and BO1535) can form perithecia when they were cultured with KA3(MAT1-1) and KA9(MAT1-2).These five isolates have MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 which are functional.

其中2个菌株(BO1218、BO1199)与KA3和Z46杂交都形成子囊壳，3个菌株(BO1643、BO1563和BO1535)与KA3和KA9杂交都形成子囊壳，表明这5个菌株中存在MAT1-1和MAT1-2，并且具有完整的功能。

The application of MAS in rice bacterial blight resistance and rice blast resistance breeding programs showed it is efficient in selecting individuals containing resistance genes from a crossing population, reducing the scale of subsequent experiment, and breeding variety with pyramided genes.

以抗白叶枯病基因及抗稻热病基因为例，利用分子标志辅助选拔进行杂交后裔族群的筛选，能有效地自杂交后裔族群中筛选出具有抗病基因的个体，并可缩小病原菌接种的试验规模，快速地育成堆叠抗病基因的品系。

The useful value as crossing parents on the new CP varieties intro- duced in 1980 were detailed studied. The results indicated that their hybrid progenies had the characteristics of early maturing,high sugar content, high yield and excellent ratooning ability. From these progenies,many good varieties,such as Yuetang 83/271,83/251,83/257,had been selected.

较详细研究了1980年引进的运河点甘蔗品种作杂交亲本的利用价值，结果表明杂交后代表现早熟、高糖、丰产、宿根性好，从中选育出如粤糖83/271、83/257、83 /251等优良的甘蔗新品种。

Based on the practice of nectarine breeding,the systematical inheritance of peel tomenta, flesh color ,pollen fertility and flavor of parents and their hybridization offsprings was analysed.

结合油桃育种实践，对亲本、杂交后代的果皮茸毛、肉色、花粉育性、果实风味等性状进行了系统遗传分析，结果进一步证实了果皮茸毛、肉色、花粉育性3个性状各由1对等位基因控制，其中果皮有茸毛对无茸毛、白肉对黄肉、花粉可育对败育均呈完全显性，且这3对等位基因分别呈独立遗传，无互作效应；选择甜风味的品种作亲本，杂交后代出现甜油桃单株的比例较高。

Hybridoma cell strains were selected after fusion of mouse SP2/0 myeloma cells with spleen cells isolated from BALB/c mice that had been immunized with Penicillic Acid conjugated to bovine serum albumin by ELISA.

以合成的完全抗原PA-BSA免疫小鼠，采用杂交瘤技术，经细胞融合、克隆筛选、扩大培养获得一株针对青霉酸的杂交瘤细胞4C2-F8-D2。

The specific McAb against dimethoate is obtained in this experiment, but its titer and affinity constant are low so that it is not up to standard enough to prepare kit using the McAb.

通过杂交瘤技术，获得1株特异分泌抗乐果McAb的杂交瘤细胞，但McAb效价、亲和力都较低，与制备试剂盒的要求尚有较大的差距。

The McAb against dimethoate showed certain cross reactivity for omethoate and weak cross reactivity for other several analogous compounds, and it displayed low titers and a low affinity constant. The titers of McAb in cells supernatant and ascites were 1:32 and 1:1024, respectively. The affinity constant of McAb was 1.4×10^4 L/mol.

通过杂交瘤技术，获得1株特异分泌抗乐果McAb的杂交瘤细胞，其培养上清与腹水效价分别为1：32和l：1024， McAb亲和常数为1.4×10^4L/mol，与氧化乐果的交叉反应率为10.6%，与其他所测结构类似的农药交叉反应率均小于0.5%。

She gently rebuff ed him, but agreed that they could be friends

她婉言拒绝了，但同意作为朋友相处。

If in the penal farm, you were sure to be criticized.

要是在劳改农场，你等着挨绳子吧！