杂交

The study on the phylogenetic relations among these species is very useful for the study on genome and marker-assisted breeding in Brassica species. The karyotypic analysis is one of the most important methods in analysing the phylogenetic relation of species with closer relations. The protocol for inducing high frequency metaphase was established by pretreatment with low temperature and 8hydroxyquinoline, and then the preparation of chromosome and karyotypes analysis of six economical important Brassica species were carried out. According to the karyotypic analysis, it was shown that in the genomes of amphidiploid species, there are genomical components from didiploid species. Our result showed that B. campetris, B. juncea and B. napus belonged to class 2B, while B.

以二倍体B.nigra（B，n=8）基因组为探针，用B.campestris（A，n=10）或B.oleracea（C，n=9）的基因组进行封阻，分别与B.juncea（AB，n=18）和B.carinata（BC，n=17）进行GISH杂交发现，B.juncea和B.carinata基因组中仅有来自于B.nigra的8对染色体表现杂交信号，而其它染色体杂交信号较弱；以B.campestris或B.oleracea基因组为杂交探针与B.napus（AC，n=19）进行GISH杂交发现，所有19对染色体均出现杂交信号，根据杂交结果难以正确判断B.napus基因组中的哪些染色体是来自于A基因组，哪些是来自于C基因组；以rRNA基因（18S-5.8S-26S）为探针的FISH杂交结果表明，B.campestris基因组中rRNA基因位点为6对；B.oleracea为3对；B.nigra为2对；B.carinata为4对；B.juncea为6对；B.napus为6对。

In crossing of the 8 autotetraploidy rices (Oryza sativa, 2n=4x=48), APIV(4), IR36(4), Zixuedao(4), Ce 64(4), Minghui 63(4), IR28(4), Ce 90(4) and Gui 99(4) used as the females, with Pennisetum alopecuroides (2n=2x=18) used as the males, the seeds were obtained, but no seed was got in the crosses of the 3 diploidy rices (Oryza sativa, 2n=2x=24), APIV(2), Ce 90(2) and Zixuedao(2) used as the females, with Pennisetum alopecuroides.

利用APIV(4)、IR36(4)、紫血稻(4)、测64(4)、明恢63(4)、IR28(4)、测90(4)和桂99(4)等8个同源四倍体水稻(Oryza sativa， 2n=4x=48)为杂交母本，以狼尾草(Pennisetum alopecuroides， 2n=2x=18)为杂交父本进行杂交，获得了实粒种子。但是，在以APIV(2)、测90(2)和紫血稻(2)这3个二倍体水稻(Oryza sativa， 2n=2x=24)为杂交母本，以狼尾草为杂交父本的杂交组合中却没有获得实粒种子。

Nucleic acid former cross can detect according to its content and cent is a cell inside former inside a cross and constituent section former what its use a cross; foundation bougie and place should detect of nucleic acid differ to be able to be divided again for cross of DNA-DNA, RNA-DNA, RNA-RNA.

核酸原位杂交可根据其检测物而分为细胞内原位杂交和组织切片内原位杂交；根据其所用探针及所要检测核酸的不同又可分为DNA-DNA、RNA-DNA、RNA-RNA杂交。

The hybrid between Brachymystax lenok and Hueho taimen were not a live in the past 2 years. However, the fertility and eyed rate of BH were significantly higher than that of HH and BB (P.05), while the hatching rate were significantly lower (P.05). The larvae died within 1 to 2 hours after hatching. It was observed that the tail of yolk-sac larve couldn't stretch around the yolk, and there were hyperemia in the middle and posterior segment of the tail. The reason why the hybrid between Brachymystax lenok and Hucho taimen couldn't snrvive might was the karyoplasms of the gametes from Brachymystax lerwk and Hucho taimen by distant hybridization were not compatible.

细鳞鲤×哲罗鱿的杂交经过2年多批次实验均未得到成活杂交子代，但在胚胎发育阶段BH的杂交受精率、发眼率均显著高于双亲自繁对照组(P.05)，但其孵化率显著低于双亲对照组(P.05)，BH杂交子代在破膜后1~2h内即死亡，刚破膜的仔鱼尾干中后段至尾鳍部分盘绕于卵黄囊表面不能伸展，且所有破膜仔鱼的尾干中后段均存在充血点，本研究认为，这种反交［细鳞鲑×哲罗鲑］子代不能成活的原因可能是由远缘杂交受精卵核质不相容所导致。

He not only is our country hybrid rice research founder, also is the our country hybrid rice research chief designer and the most main leaders in a scholarly field. In 1986 he proposed the hybrid rice breeding from three is the law to two is the law to one is the law and uses three development phases from the variety to the subspecies to 远缘杂种 the superiority the strategic tentative plan, this tentative plan has become the domestic and foreign recognitions hybrid rice breeding the guiding ideology.

他不仅是我国杂交水稻研究的开创者，也是我国杂交水稻研究的总设计师和最主要的学术带头人。1986年他提出杂交水稻育种由三系法到两系法到一系法和从品种间到亚种间到远缘杂种优势利用三个发展阶段的战略设想，这一设想已成为国内外公认杂交水稻育种的指导思想。1987年两系法杂交水稻技术被列为国家&863&计划的重点课题。

In this paper, male sterile line of alfalfa was used to be improved with crossing, because the seed production of crossing is low. The affecting factors of seed production of male sterile line of alfalfa and its crossing progenies that are crossed with male sterile lines of alfalfa and good alfalfa that male is fertile were analyzed. The characteristics of female reproductive organs of male sterile line and its crossing progenies are analyzed in cell morphology. The genetic difference of male sterile line and its crossing progenies are analyzed in enzyme protein. The results showed: 1、Rate of podding of nature crossing and fecundity of artificial crossing of the male sterile plant BC1-2 that is the crossing progency of male sterile line of alfalfa and Medicago varia Martin.cv.'Caoyuan No.1'is higher than male sterile lines. Rate of podding of nature crossing and fecundity of artificial crossing of the male sterile plants BC1-19、BC1-21、BC1-22、BC1-23 that are the crossing progencies of male sterile line of alfalfa and Medicago sativa L.cv.

针对苜蓿雄性不育系杂交制种产量低的问题，采用杂交法对苜蓿雄性不育系进行改良，以原苜蓿雄性不育系为轮回亲本与雄性可育优良苜蓿品种杂交，分析苜蓿雄性不育系及其杂交后代种子产量的影响因素，从细胞形态学方面观察和分析杂交后代及原不育系在雌性生殖器官上的变异特点，从酶蛋白水平对杂交后代及原不育系的遗传差异进行分析，初步研究结果如下： 1、苜蓿雄性不育系与草原一号苜蓿的杂交后代不育株BC1-2，以及苜蓿雄性不育系与X′(苜蓿雄性不育系与新疆大叶苜蓿的杂种F1代)的杂交后代不育株BC1-19、BC1-21、BC1-22、BC1-23的天然杂交结荚率和人工杂交制种的结荚率和百粒重均高于原苜蓿雄性不育系。

Aimed at the arising problems such as the cross-incompatibility and hybrid's sterility during distant hybridization of fruit trees, effects of different treatments on cross-compatibility of distant hybridization in stone fruits were studied based on the former studies, then physiological and biochemical changes during hybridization between plum and apricot were primarily discussed, and rescue and culture system of hybrids' embryos were also conducted, further the genetic variation and principle between the hybrids and their parents were analyzed and methods of identification of hybrids were established.

针对果树远缘杂交过程中存在的杂交不亲和性及杂种不育性等问题，在前人研究的基础上，研究了不同处理对核果类果树远缘杂交亲和性的效应，并探讨了李、杏属间杂交过程中发生的生理生化变化以及花粉与柱头的互作，建立了李、杏属间远缘杂种的胚培养技术体系，建立了杂种鉴定检测方法，并分析了杂种后代与其父母本之间的遗传变异及规律，最终将一批远缘杂交新种质定植于大田，同时对自然界存在的杏梅种质资源进行了RAPD分析。

All metaphases showed three distinct green signals, which have the same size and intensity, corresponding to a normal chromosome 8 and two isochromosomes 8q, and five red signals, of which one was located on a normal chromosome 8 and the another two quite symmetrically on the both arms of each isochromosome 8q, respectively.

结果发现：所有中期分裂相均显示3个绿色荧光杂交信号和5个红色荧光杂交信号；2个绿色荧光杂交信号分别位于2条等臂8q染色体着丝粒处，信号大小和强度均与位于正常8号染色体着丝粒处的1个绿色荧光杂交信号相当；1个红色荧光杂交信号位于正常8号染色体长臂上，另外2个红色荧光杂交信号非常对称地位于每一条等臂8q染色体的两条长臂上。

In recent years, some derived yeast two-hybrid systems have been established, including yeast two-hybrid dual bait system, reverse two-hybrid system, membrane-associated two-hybrid system (SRS, TOPIS and split-ubiquitin base two-hybrid system) and transcriptional factors-associated two-hybrid system(RTA system and PolⅢ based two-hybrid system), which promise to overcome some limits and improved the sensitivities of the original yeast two-hybrid system.

十余年来，随着酵母双杂交迅速推广，不断涌现出一些衍生系统，其中包括酵母双杂交的二元诱饵系统，逆向双杂交系统，非转录读出特点的双杂交系统（如Sos蛋白招募系统、PI3K介导的靶蛋白识别系统和断裂-泛素为基础的双杂交系统）以及转录激活因子与其相关蛋白之间的相互作用的双杂交系统（如以polⅢ为基础的杂交系统和RTA系统）等。

In maize, the results indicated that the patterns of gene expression altered obviously in cross-fertilized kernels as compared to self-fertilized kernels, major difference of gene expression occurred in the qualitative level. Further analysis indicated that higher percentage of total differentially expressed cDNA was observed in highly heterotic hybrid than in non-heterotic hybrid.

对四个不同优势的玉米杂交和自交在种子发育前期基因表达研究表明，玉米杂交种子与自交种子在发育前期存在明显的基因表达差异，强优势的杂交组合与弱优势杂交组合之间表现差异的总cDNA比例存在极显著差异，进一步分析发现，杂交特异表达与杂种优势存在一定的正向关系。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

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如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。