本体论

This is like solving chemistry problems with methods in physics, and system dislocation and thinking misplacement of ontology and methodology has arisen.

现有马克思主义文明体系存在两个重大缺陷：一个是非占有文明体系的目标本体与占有文明体系的创建方法相结合，这就类似于用物理学的方法去求解化学问题，出现了本体论与方法论的体系错置和思维错位；另一个是非占有的共产主义的本体论没有实质的理论体系，奋斗目标不具体，就无法确定最佳的建设路线和建设方式。

Methods The ontology basis of western and Chinese medicine were discussed from the aspect of ontology in the western philosophy,"manifestation" and "implication" of syndromes were studied from eastern philosophy,the surface structure and deep structure of syndromes were analyzed from linguistics,the "question of fact" and "question of normalization" considered in the thinking were expounded from noetic science,and the sequence and non-sequence constituted in the "cluster of symptoms and signs" of syndromes were explored from mathematics.

方法从西方哲学本体论的角度分别讨论中西医学的本体论基础，从东方哲学讨论证候的"象"与"意"；从语言学的角度分析证候的表层结构与深层结构；从思维学的角度论述思维所考虑的"事实问题"与"规范问题"；从数学的角度讨论构成证候的症状体征串的有序与无序。

Marxist ontology of praxis is the ontology of the theory of existence

马克思的实践本体论即生存论的本体论

Ontological commitment is Quine's thought for ontology: to be is to be the value of bound variables.

"本体论承诺"是蒯因的本体论思想：存在就是成为变项的值。

So we build a question-answering system using by Ontology-based and Natural language Processing when users ask the questions the system, and build a database for on junior high school social science exam. When users ask the system by input their questions, the system will intercept words by intercept-word-mechanism, then lead-in Ontology to analyze the semanticist. This way is wanted to advance the degree of accuracy in answering.

本研究将本体论研究及自然语言处理导入系统中，建构一套以国中社会科题组内含知识为资料库来源的问答系统；使用者输入查询问时，系统以词汇断词机制所得之断词组合为基础，并透过系统建构之本体论进行语意结构分析，以提升系统搜寻正确回覆题组之机。

The core of the debate between Latour and Bloor on the Strong Program was the confrontation of Bloor\'s symmetry principle of Strong Program and Latour\'s second symmetry principle. The essential disagreement between their theories was whether to insist the subject-object schema, or to discard it. Each of them adopted his own criterion of metaphysics and the different criteria resulted in two different kinds of relativisms. Both sides fell into the same philosophical dilemma. The debate between the post-SSK represented by Latour and the SSK represented by Collins and Yearley intensively revealed their disagreement in interior social construction, manifested by the opposition between social realism and ontology of nature-society mixture, between the normative method and descriptive method, between signified view of science and practical view of science, respectively.It is necessary to trace and clarify the core concepts of Latour\'s "Actor-Network Theory" such as "actor","network","agent", etc.

关于拉图尔和布鲁尔之间关于强纲领的论战，其核心是布鲁尔强纲领的对称性原则与拉图尔的普遍对称性原则之间的争论，二人理论的本质不同在于坚持还是消解主体-客体模式，由于所持不同的形而上学标准导致了两种不同的相对主义，而争论双方陷入了相同的哲学困境；关于以拉图尔为代表的后科学知识社会学与柯林斯和耶尔莱为代表的科学知识社会学之争，集中体现了社会建构内部间在本体论、认识论、科学观上的分歧，分别表现为：社会实在论与自然—社会混合本体论的对立、规范主义进路与描述主义进路的对立、表征科学观与实践科学观之间的对立。

From 1976 to 1985,he stuck to Dialectical Materialism as a guideline,reflected on the literary and artistic characteristics of the "Art in its special way grasp the world "," Art has its own independent special targets " and other important proposition to do an in-depth exposition. He also made a brilliant insights about artistic typicalness; From 1985 to 1992, he gradually realized Epistemological Literary Theory couldn't explain all the literary phenomenon, so instead of Human Ontology of Literary Theory,on departure from the Human Ontology to interpret the literary phenomenon,str...essing that " Aesthetic is the life of one of the leading activities "," Art is essentially aesthetic ";Before and after 1992, he re-converted research perspective, explaining aesthetic and artistic on the basis of theValue of Philosophy, saying that the beauty is a form of value.

他从1976年到1985年，以辩证唯物主义认识论为指针，反思文学艺术的特性，对"艺术以其特殊的方式掌握世界"、"艺术有自己独立的特殊对象"等重要命题做了深入的阐发，并就艺术典型提出了精辟的见解；从1985年到1992年，他逐渐意识到认识论文艺学无法解释一切文艺现象，于是转而研究人类本体论文艺学，从人类本体论哲学出发去解释文艺现象，强调"审美是人的生命活动主要方式之一"，"艺术在本质上是审美的"；1992年前后，他再度转换研究视角，从价值论哲学出发去解释审美和艺术，认为美就是一种价值形态。

Most natural scientists, usually holding a pragmatic manner, seldom consider the factual validity of the metaphysical basis which makes scientific knowledge possible; however, it is the seemingly unconsidered metaphysical basis which compels those scientists in blind alley, among which is the causal principle.

本体论是哲学的基础，本体论研究是哲学研究的历史和逻辑起点。在认识论转向和语言学转向的鼓噪之下，似乎本体研究退居次位；在自然科学胜利的呐喊声中，本体追寻也看似多余。

Because of their different mental qualities, character, disposition, experience, pursuit of life, knowledge and accompolishment, there were only a few writers, such as LuXun, Zhou Zuoren and HuShi, absorbed the essence of Buddhism's anti-onology and combined it with the anti-metaphysics ideological trend in western philosophy, broke the onology thought tradition—"heaven and human combine into one", freed themselves from the feudal dictatorialism, going on a spirital journey which clarified themselves.

由于精神禀赋、个性气质、生活经历、人生追求及学识修养的不同，二十年代作家中，只有鲁迅、周作人、胡适等少数人，理智地吸取了佛家般若空观中的怀疑与否定的反本体论思维精华，并把它与现代西方哲学中的反形而上学思维结合起来，打破&天人合一&的本体论思维传统，冲破封建独断论的束缚，走上了自我澄明的精神之旅。

The historicity that Marx advocated in the sense of philosophical ontology is not equal to historicism,therefore Marxists must reject the phronesis of Kantian epistemolog y,and construct the historical ontology of Marx sphilosophy,and so as to show the full truth of Marxist social and historical theory.

马克思主义哲学本体论意义上倡言的历史性不等于历史主义，马克思主义哲学必须放弃康德式近代认识论的思路，打造出一种历史本体论来，方可尽显马克思主义社会历史理论的真义。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。