有故障的

This paper have introduced the typical fault and countermeasures of coursing burner management system.

介绍了锅炉燃烧管理系统在运行中比较有代表性的故障及其处理方法，为处理同一事件提供了一种简明途

The effect of tribology factors on bearing vibration is studied experimentally. AR model and WPT are used to processing the normal arid abnormal signals. The results are as follows:1. The vibration of ball bearings is caused by the tribology action of contact pairs of ball and ring races and has the essential of tribo-dynamics. Any factors affecting the tribology characteristics of contact pairs will affect vibration and noise of bearings consequently.2. Vibration characteristics of bearing keep almostly unchanged with the increasing of axial load expecting the increasing of nature frequencies. When radial load increasing with axial load unchanged, nature frequencies keep unchanged but some new vibration peaks appears in the spectrum.3. Vibration amplitudes are damped and nature frequency are enhanced with sufficient lubrication. Vibration and noise of bearings increase obviously and roar can happen and the contact surfaces scratch slightly under insufficient and unclean lubrication state. Bearing will be disabled in a few minutes without any lubrication.4. Bearing vibration is unstable under low speed. With the speed increasing, the vibration become stable and natural frequencies increase slightly but the amplitudes increase apparently.5. Bearing vibration can be excited only by some harmonics ofwaviness without lubrication and by all harmonics with lubrication based on the theoretical analysis.6. The nature frequencies of ball bearings decrease with the increasing sizes. When international clearance increasing, nature frequencies decrease in radial and increase in axial and angular and the amplitudes increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular. When the number of balls increasing, nature frequencies increase and amplitudes decrease. When the pitch diameter increasing, axial nature frequency increase and others nearly keep no change. When outer race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies increase in radial and decrease in axial and angular and amplitudes keep no change in radial and increase in axial and angular. When inner race groove curvature radius increasing, nature frequencies decrease and amplitudes increase.7. The distortion in amplitude and frequency components of bearing vibration signals picked up by the present probe measurement method is founded and right conclusions cannot be achieved by the signals. When accelerometer is rigidly screwed with steel stud onto a flat outer surface of a ball bearing, vibration signal can be got without distortion and the reliability of research on bearing vibration is assured.8. AR model is suitable for large samples of bearing vibration signals, square root of length of samples can be used as the upper limitation of order determination and the FPE order selection criterion is effective. Many advantages of AR spectrum are founded over the classical based on FFT.9. Time-Frequency analysis is necessary for abnormal noise of ball bearings. WPT overcomes the principle shortcomings of STFT and proved to be a best tool to process the abnormal signals.

理论分析和试验研究表明： 1球轴承振动是钢球—滚道接触副中的各种摩擦学作用引起的，具有摩擦动力学的本质，任何对接触副的摩擦学特性有影响的因素都将对球轴承的振动和噪声特性产生影响； 2中心轴向载荷作用下，载荷增大使球轴承的固有振动频率升高，载荷越大同样的载荷增幅引起的频率升幅减小，足够大的中心轴向载荷作用下载荷的变化对球轴承振动的频率特性不会产生明显的影响； 3轴向和径向联合载荷作用下，径向载荷不大时球轴承振动的固有频率基本不变，但是可能引起变刚度激励的非线性振动，出现新的频峰，过大的径向载荷将使部分钢球脱离接触，使球轴承的振动和噪声呈现不稳定状态； 4润滑对球轴承的振动和噪声特性有重要的影响，良好的润滑对振动有明显的抑制作用，润滑不充分时，振动和噪声的水平会有明显增高，一定条件下还会激发接触副中的谐振，发出啸声，造成接触表面的伤害，无润滑干接触时，短时的运转就会损伤接触副表面，使振动和噪声迅速增大，并随时可能引发严重的磨损和卡滞失效；接触副润滑良好时，油膜的"刚化效应"使球轴承振动的固有频率有所提高，润滑剂中含有弥散性污浊时，振动的幅度总体升高，但弥散性污浊不会改变球轴承振动的频率特性；浙江大学博士学位论文：球轴承振动的研究 5低速时，球轴承振动的基本特征呈现不稳定状态，随着转速的提高，球轴承振动的频率特性趋于稳定，固有频率频峰升高； 6理论分析表明，干接触时钢球和滚道表面波纹度的某些谐波分量能激励球轴承的振动，振动的幅值与谐波幅值成正比，实际球轴承中钢球的分布不可能完全均匀，波纹度的激励作用会随时发生；润滑接触的分析表明，波纹度的任意谐波分量均能激励球轴承的振动； 7球轴承的几何和结构参数分析表明，球轴承尺寸越大，径向、轴向和角振动的固有频率越低；钢球中心圆直径增大，球轴承的径向和轴向振动的固有频率基本不变，角振动的固有频率有所上升，振动的幅频特性基本不变；径向游隙加大使球轴承的径向振动固有频率降低，轴向和角振动的固有频率有所升高，径向振动幅频特性的幅值升高，而轴向和角向降低；钢球的数量增多使球轴承振动的固有频率上升，幅频特性的幅值下降，径向振动的幅值下降最为明显；外圈沟曲率半径系数增大使球轴承径向振动的固有频率升高，轴向和角振动的固有频率降低，径向幅频特性基本不变，轴向和角向幅频特性幅值升高；内圈沟曲率半径系数增大使径向、轴向和角振动固有频率均下降，振动幅频特性的幅值均有升高； 8试验对比表明，传感器采用探针式安装时，由于探针接触副接触特性的影响，钡(量得到的球轴承振动信号有失真，采用专门设计和制作的试验球轴承，以固定式安装加速度计，首次测量得到了球轴承振动的真实信号，通过对振动信号的分析，验证了球轴承振动的理论模型； 9)基于时间序列分析的AR模型适用于大样本球轴承振动信号的分析，以样本长度的均方根值作定阶上界，FPE做判阶准则，给出的AR谱光滑，频率分辨率高，是球轴承振动分析的简便而可靠的手段； 10以时频域分析的小波包变换分析球轴承异音信号能够比较好地定位和聚焦异音发生的时间，时间间隔，频率范围，同样是球轴承振动分析的可靠的手段，可用作球轴承故障诊断技术。

He detected a fault in my car.

他发现我的汽车有故障。

Since 1970's more and more attention has been paid to the fault diagnosis of the control system.

从70年代起，人们开始重视控制系统的故障诊断问题，目前已有大量的研究方法，并有一些成功的应用。

We like to think that we speak logically all the time, but we are aware that we sometimes use illogical means to persuade others of our point of view. In the heat of an impassioned argument, or when we are afraid our disputant has a stronger case, or when we don't quite have all the facts we'd like to have, we are prone to engage in faulty processes of reasoning, using arguments we hope will appear sound.

我们喜欢认为我们说话逻辑上的全部时间，但我们都知道，我们有时会使用不符合逻辑的手段来说服别人，我们的观点来看，在激烈的一个慷慨激昂的论调，又或者当我们是怕我们disputant具有较强案，又或者当我们不太有全部的事实，我们希望有，我们很容易进行故障过程中的推理，用的论据，我们希望会出现声音。

Experiment indicated that this method is practical and has significant importance for construction of automatic fault diagnosis system.

试验表明，该法有一定的实用性，对于建立故障自动诊断系统有重要意义。

Methods to rotor of centrifugal compressor"s condition monitoring and fault diagnosis are summed up. Peak-to-peak value is an essential reference value of centrifugal compressor"s condition monitoring, which is easy to implementation in practice. On the other hand, according to fault diagnosis, power spectrum and axis obit also works. The direction of eddyis gained from full spectrum, which is vital in fault diagnosis. In a word, to make sure make an exact conclusion, different method should be put in used.

总结了离心式压缩机转子振动的监测和诊断的方法：在压缩机的状态监测的方面，峰—峰值是其主要的手段，实践证明其实现过程非常简单而且非常有效；而对于故障诊断，常用的功率谱分析和轴心轨迹都有一定的作用，全谱可以判断转子的进动方向，所以在分析过程中可以综合以上多种方法，能更加明确故障原因。

Results:①The deadly traffic accidents were 280 cases (24.0%) in 1168 accidents;② The front five reasons of deadly traffic accident were foot passenger peccancy on the road , fatigue drive , overspeed run , other cars peccancy on the road , peccancy parking;③ The front four accident style of deadly traffic accident were bump f...

结果 ：① 1168起交通事故中，致死性交通事故 2 80起( 2 4.0 %)；②致死性交通事故前五位的原因为行人违章上路、疲劳驾驶、超速行驶、其他车辆违章上路、违章停车；③致死性交通事故前四位事故类型为追尾、撞停止车辆、撞行人、撞固定物；④路内停车的原因，以车辆的机械故障最为常见，占 75 。0 %；⑤高速公路内发生机械故障的车辆，有 62 。0 %的原因与超速、超载相关。

On the other hand, the power plant is a more complex system, so the fault types in power plant is much more. We can not find a general method to detect or diagnose all kinds of faults in the power plant.

电站又是一个复杂的大系统，发生在电站中的故障的类型是多样的，不可能有一种通用方法，实现对所有故障的诊断。

By means of analyzing the variation of operation parameters of Shanxi power grid such as voltage and frequency, the possible affects of fault trip of 1000kV transmission line on Shanxi power grid are summarized; and according to concrete situation of 1000kV transmission line, some corresponding control measures are put forward.

研究了1 000 kV线路故障跳闸后山西电网的运行情况，通过对山西电网的电压、频率等电气量变化情况的分析，总结出1 000 kV线路故障跳闸对山西电网可能造成的影响，并结合1 000 kV线路的具体情况，提出了有针对性的控制措施。

Plunder melds and run with this jewel!

掠夺melds和运行与此宝石！

My dream is to be a crazy growing tree and extend at the edge between the city and the forest.

此刻，也许正是在通往天国的路上，我体验着这白色的晕旋。