有壳斗的

Microspore Ye as the feather, small sporophyll sac formed by the polymerization, each polymer capsules formed by four small sporangia, small spores with dual airbags, and airbag Pinaceae pollen is similar to large sporophyll from the central axis and arranged in Brachypodium feather composition, Each Yibing has a shell bucket, each bucket containing shell upright ovules 10-12 months.

小孢子叶枝为羽状，小孢子叶由聚合囊组成，每个聚合囊由4个小孢子囊组成，小孢子具双气囊，与松科植物花粉的气囊相似，大孢子叶由中轴及羽状排列的短柄组成，每一柄上有一个壳斗，每个壳斗内有10—12个直立的胚珠。

If the arboreous lamina such as oak of distant Dong Li, Mongolia, Mongolian oak is feed,tussah basically belongs to a plant with cupule division oak, because its have up gender, phototaxis two big characteristics, cannot put medium breed aquatics in special container like the silkworm so, can put in oak tree to assume office only its are collected by oneself feed a leaf, prevent a bird by artificial and responsible nurse, move silkworm (put to another tree again after leaf dispose of) etc.

柞蚕主要以壳斗科栎属植物如辽东栎、蒙古栎、槲等树木的叶片为饲料，因其有向上性、趋光性两大特征，所以无法像桑蚕一样放在专用容器中养殖，只能放在柞树上任其自行采食树叶，并由人工负责看护防鸟、移蚕(当树叶吃光后再放到另一棵树上)等。

Fagaceae is one of the most important families in temperate and subtropical regions,and especially in China.

壳斗科在我国有7 属350 多种和变种，是温带、亚热带最重要的森林树种，笔者用离差平方和法对壳斗科植物在中国的地理分布规律进行了研究，认为其落叶类型和常绿类型在空间分布格局上有很大差别。

Is an ever-green broadleaved tree of Fagaceae, widely distributed over the subtropical area of China, also distributed in Japan, India, Korean and Burma.

青冈是壳斗科的常绿乔木，地理成分属于东亚分布的中国-日本变型，广泛分布于我国亚热带地区，在日本、印度、缅甸等国也有分布。

According to the neighbor-joining tree on 75 leaf cuticle, architecture, flower and fruit characters, the traditional taxonomic system based only on reproductive characters shows some degree of irrationality. 4. Comparative embryology The developmental process of flower and fruit production was studied for the first time in Castanopsis delavayi and compared with other taxa of Fagaceae.

根据叶结构、叶表皮、果实和壳斗等在内的75个特征所建立的邻接树的分支情况大体上和壳斗科根据花、壳斗特征建立的分类系统基本一致，但是有存在不一致的情况，仅仅根据花、壳斗特征建立的分类系统具有一定的不合理性。

In this region, there are 204 kindsof wild fruit plants that belong to 57 families and 101 genera are recorded,Occuping the 73 families and 173 genera and 1157 kindsof national wild fruit plants is 78.1%,58.4%,17.7%.4 families including Rosaceae,Fagaceae,Rutaceae and Moraceae are dominant ones,each of them has more than 15 species growing there.

摘 要 本文报道了粤东地区野生水果植物资源的调查结果，记录到该地区野生水果植物有57科、101属、205种，分别占全国野生果树73科、173属、1157种的78.1%、58.4%、17.7%，含15种以上的科有蔷薇科、壳斗科、芸香科、桑科4个科，为本地区野生水果的优势科。

The earliest and reliable Castanopsis fossil records date back at least to Eocene, and subfamily Castaneoideae fossil records found from Paleocene, it is indicated that appearance of Castanopsis is not later than Paleocene . All fossil records of Fagaceae and Castanopsis report from the Northern Hemisphere and their main distribution regions are in the Northern Hemisphere . It can be concluded that the Northern Hemisphere is the center of origin of Fagaceae and Castanopsis . However, owing to the discrepancy between fossil data and results of modern botany research as well as scarcity of fossil data from key area, precise center of origin of Castanopsis cannot be inferred.

栲属在地质历史上有着比现在广泛的分布，最早、最可靠的栲属化石记录发现于始新世地层，栗亚科化石在古新世就有发现，化石记录表明栲属起源的时间不晚于古新世，所有的壳斗科及栲属的化石都发现于北半球，现代分布也主要在北半球，壳斗科及栲属起源于北半球可以确认，由于化石证据与现代植物学的研究结果有较大差异以及关键地区化石证据的不足，具体的起源地尚不能肯定。

The fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi were abundant and diverse in intact forest dominated by Fagaceae. Only a few species of macrofungal bodies were found in the pine dominated forest and secondary broad-leaved forest and none were seen in grassland during the study.

外生菌根菌子实体在以壳斗科植物为优势种的原生性次生林中较多且种类丰富，在松林和次生阔叶林有少数种类，但次生草坡群落未见有外生菌根菌子实体。

Leaf blade abaxially persistently hairy; cupule rim expanded and wavily rugose at maturity; cupule bracts grayish brown tomentose from base to middle, apex reddish brown glabrous; fruit maturing on 1-year-old branchlets, nut 1.5–1.8 cm in diam.

叶片背面持续有毛；扩大的壳斗边和wavily具皱纹在成熟；壳斗苞淡灰棕色被绒毛的自基部至中部，顶带红色棕色无毛；结果实到期关于1年老枝，采坚果厘米直径 14 Q。

Cupules corky or spongy and with smooth concentric lines outside.

在外面的壳斗软木塞味或者海绵状并且有滤波同心的线。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。