有四种

First, select four kinds of main risks source from bigly celebrate the main risk in region source, namely the flood, drought, sand-dust weather and petroleum pollution accident, etc. According to the different a request for to habitat, study this 19 kinds of landscapes ecosystem type of the Regional induce for 7 kinds of ecosystems system: Then the marsh of bulrush, lakes and reservoirs , salt alkali wasteland, prairie, island form wood, farmland, town. The difference is proceeded by characteristic according to each type ecosystem to the analysis of four kinds of main risks source, including the certain risk all rate, delimiting the space distribute, analyzing the risk strength to the receptor etc. At proceed the revelation the different from endanger to analyze the inside, this text borrows ecosystem index number that this index sign to reflect primarily habitat the ecosystem meaning of the type of habitat the different from position, with weak an index number to show the destructibility of the habitat, from but compute each ecosystem that is lost by ecosystem system an index number.

首先，从大庆地区主要的风险源中遴选出四种主要的风险源，即洪涝、干旱、沙尘天气和石油污染等；依据不同生物类群对生境的要求，将本研究区域的19种景观生态类型归纳为7种生态系统：即芦苇沼泽、湖泡库渠、盐碱荒地、草甸草原、岛状林、农田、城镇；对四种主要风险源的进行分析，包括确定风险概率，划定空间分布，对风险受体的作用强度分析等；在进行暴露和危害分析中，本文主要借生态指数这一指标来反映不同生境类型的生态意义和地位，以脆弱度指数来体现不同生境的易损性，从而计算出各受体生态系统的生态损失度指数；由于各主要风险物质对风险受体的作用强度是不同的，对形成区域性生态风险的作用大小也有差异，因此本文采用层次分析法对主要生态风险物质进行综合评价，并把判断矩阵排序权值的合理计算问题归为—非线性化问题，并提出用基于遗传算法(GA[5])的层次分析模型进行权重分析；进行风险表征，即综合前面两个阶段的信息，对环境中风险的性质和强度以及风险评价过程中不确定性问题进行分析与描述，并划分出五级生态风险区；最后，根据划分的五级生态风险区的特征，分别提出针对各生态风险区的生态风险管理对策。

objective to compare four postoperative nasal packing materials.methods total 136 patients,80 cases with chronic sinus it is and under went endoscopic sinussurgery,were randomly packed using four different hae mostasis materials.in which,paraffin gauze group was 40 cases,rapid sorbalgon group 27 cases,merocel group 36 cases and gel knit group 31 cases.the packing materials wereemoved after left for 24 hours to 48 hours.the efficacy of nasal packing materials was asassessed interm of the levels of nasal pain or headache in the leaving period and nasal bleeding after removal of nasal packing.results the in cidence rate of nasal pain or headache respectively was 82.5% in paraffin gauze group,44.4% in merocel,11.1% in sorbalgon and 3.2% in gel knit.the significant statistical difference was observedbetween the four groups (χ2=70.21,p.01).the incidence rate of nasal bleeding after removed was 85%,11.1%,41.7% and 9.7% respectively.the statistical difference was also significant (χ2=54.28,p.01).conclusions the choosing of postoperative na sal packing after functional endoscopic sinus sur gey depends on various factors,gel knit has much advantages and can be used as routine packs after fess.

摘 要］目的：比较四种鼻腔填塞材料的疗效，指导临床选择合适的术后鼻内填塞物。方法：对134例慢性鼻窦炎分别采用凡士林纱条(40例)、藻酸钙纤维(sorbalgon，27例)、膨胀海绵(merocel，36例)和瑞纳凝胶快速止血材料(gel knit，31例)四种材料填塞鼻腔，24 h～48 h取出填塞物，根据填塞后鼻腔胀痛、头痛程度，取出填塞物后鼻腔出血程度等评价疗效。结果：凡士林纱条填塞组，82.5%有鼻腔胀痛或头痛；sorbalgon藻酸钙纤维组11.1%；merocel组44.4%；gel knit组3.2%，四组比较差异非常显著(χ2=70.21，p.01)。取出填塞物后鼻腔再出血分别为85%，11.1%，41.7%和9.7%，四组比较差异非常显著(χ2=54.28，p.01)。结论：鼻内镜手术时，应综合考虑诸方面因素合理选用术后填塞物。瑞纳优势较为全面，可作为鼻内镜手术的常规填塞材料。

From April to September, several clusters of bamboos, 3 ~ 4 m long, 1 ~ 2 m wide, were set on the sea bed at a depth of 16 to 20 m to attract their spawning, and the egg-strings were then transported to the laboratory. When the development of the embryo reached stage 24, iris of eyes being prominent as a colour circle and statolith being formed, they were transferred into different rearing conditions, i.e., 20, 25, 30, 35 o/oo and 15, 20, 25, 30 oC. The durations from stage 24 to hatching were different among all different rearing conditions. The statoliths were extracted and mounted in Crystal Bond thermoplastic cement for reading their growth rings.

每年的四月到九月为东北角软丝主要的产卵季节，竹丛被设置在沙质海床上吸引成熟的个体前来产卵，将采集到的卵串带回实验室中培养，当胚胎发育至第二十四期的时候(胚胎的虹膜及平衡石开始生成)，这些胚胎分别被转换至不同的温度及盐度条件之下培养，温度被控制在15， 20， 25， 30 oC 四种条件下，盐度则分为20， 25， 30， 35 o/oo 四种条件，共组成十六种不同的培养条件，从平衡石生成至幼体孵出所需要的时间随著培养条件的不同而有所差异，孵化所需要的时间会随著培养的温度而有很大的变化，低温的条件会将所需的时间增长许多，在正常的条件下(25oC，35o/oo)，从平衡石出限制肤出约需要9~16天。

Specifically, itcontains 8 chapters.In chapter 1, the formation, structures, properties and the futureprospect of liposome were thoroughly reviewed;In chapter 2, the stibility and permeability of phopholipid -eleostericacid liposome were studied together with the effect of polymerizationof eleostearic acid. This membrane system was very sensitive to 〓,the effect of 〓 was clarified to increase the aggregation/fusion ofliposomes and made the permeability of mixed liposomes much higher;In chapter 3, two polymerizable conjugated diyne bolaamphiphiles were synthesized. They could form very stable mixed liposome, andthe diyne could be polymerized by UV light in bilayer liposomes, as aresult, the stability of mixed liposome against solvent or surfactantafter polymerization were enhanced. In chapter 4, two kinds of amphiphilic amino acids were synthesized andstable liposomes were formed therefrom After the condensationpolymerization of amino acid in bilayer liposomes, stable polypeptide liposomes were obtained, which had lower phase transition temperatureand higher permeability.In chapter 5, four kinds of glycolipids were synthesized and theiraggregation behavior in water was comparied. When incorporated intophospholipid bilayer membranes, they could increase the phase transitiontemperatures and inhibit the aggregation and fusion of mixedliposomesat lower temperature.In chapter 6 and 7, three kinds of steroidal bolaamphiphiles withdifferent chain lengths were synthesized. Incorporation of steroidalmoiety to the center of lipid bilayer membrane obviously increased themobility of lipid membrane and shifted Tc to lower temperature side incomparasion with cholesterol. The bolaamphiphile which was shorter thanthe hosted lipid bilayer membrane thickness influenced the lipid packingmore obviously.

全文共分8章：第一章对脂质体的形成、结构、性质及展望进行了较为详细的文献综述；第二章研究了磷脂-桐酸脂质体的稳定性，通透能力及桐酸的聚合对这些性质的影响；磷脂-桐酸混合脂质体为一类对〓灵敏的脂质体，〓的作用首先是使脂质体集聚然后使脂质体融合，并加速内包荧光物的释放；第三章通过合成两种可聚合共轭双炔双极性双亲分子DDCA，DDOL，研究了共双炔分子在双分子层脂质体膜上的聚合及对脂质体性质的影响，聚合可以提高脂质体相对于溶剂及表面活性剂的稳定性；第四章合成了两类氨基酸为极性基团的双亲分子，它们均可以在超声下形成稳定的脂质体结构；氨基酸基团可以在脂质体上进行缩聚反应，若聚合后脂质体表面仍有足够的亲水能力，则可得到稳定的多肽型脂质体；聚合后脂质体的相变温度降低，通透能力增加；第五章合成了四种亲水基团为单糖基的双亲分子GL-l，GL-2，GL-3， GL-4，研究了它们在水中的分散情况、集合体形态与分子结构的关系；在DMPC双分子层膜中加入糖脂分子可以使脂质体的相变温度提高，阻止脂质体在低温放置时的集聚与融合；第六章-第七章合成了三种不同碳链长度的双极性含胆甾环双亲分子 CL-1，CL-2，CL-3；它们可以象胆固醇一样与磷脂混合形成稳定脂质体，胆甾环基团位于脂质体双分子层膜的中间；与胆固醇的作用相反，它们可以增加磷脂双分子层膜的流动性，降低混合脂质体的相变温度；三种分子的作用与其碳链长度和磷脂双分子层膜的厚度有关，比膜厚度短的分子影响最大。

The results are showed as follows:the appearance of Luota karst forest community is characterized by the middle and lowphaneropytes such as Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Lithocarpus glaber, et al. The structure ofthe community is generally composed of tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. Thedominants are Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Lithocarpus glaber, Dendrobenthamia capitata, et al.There are 36 tree, shrub and vine species in this community. The individnal height isincreased as pyramid, the volume has the same results.

结果表明：喀斯特森林木本植物群落的外貌由青冈栎、石栎、头状四照花、五裂槭等中、小高位芽植物决定，其结构一般分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层，上风种有青冈栎、石栎、头状四照花和五裂槭；组成该群落的木本植物有36种；个体高度呈金字塔增长趋势，径级结构也有类似结果；在水平分布上，上风种为集群分布，常见种则为随机分布。

The results showed that: biomass in the Melilotus suaveolens is the highest in four green manure; after pressed four green manure in the Green the cotton fields, soil organic matter,nutrients are available certain influence; after Melilotus suaveolens and soybean pressed in the soil,organic matter increased by 8.58% and 1.01%;four green manure pressed in the soil available nitrogen increased by0.30%-5.96%,except soybean, the soil available potassium of the other three dealt is 1.08 times that of the control; the role of rich potassium in Rape and Oil sun flowers are even more significant .

研究结果表明：四种绿肥中草木樨的生物量最高；四种绿肥翻压后对土壤有机质和速效养分含量均有一定的影响，其中草木樨、大豆翻压后土壤有机质分别提高了8.58%，1.01%；四种绿肥翻压后土壤速效氮提高了0.30%-5.96%，除大豆外，其它三个处理的土壤速效钾含量平均是对照的1.08倍；研究发现油菜、油葵的富钾作用较为突出。

In order to understand these differences on gene transcript level, even to get the genes and their expression related to cell culture, we researched the differences of total mRNA of these tissues by RAPD-PCR, the result showed that the difference between embryo and head of nymphae was much closer than embyo with others, which was accorded to the time order of insect upgrown, and the tissue which is more different from embryo on transcript level ismore diiBcult to be cultured in vitro.

四种组织的培养难易程度和分离出的细胞形态的不同，说明存在着组织表达的差异，为了从转录水平上来认识它们的差异，甚而获得与细胞培养难易相关的基因及其表达产物，本实验还采用了RAPD分析的方法进行了这四种组织：中后期虫卵胚胎、若虫头部组织、成虫的精巢和卵巢的mRNA表达差异研究，结果表明：从发育方向上看，四种组织的表达差异有分化越大差异系数越大的趋势，而在相同条件下则越难培养。

Lithologies are mostly sand and carbonate rocks, caps are mud rock, shale and magmatite. Entrap types are anticline, fault block rebuilt by breaking and the screened entrap diapered rock mass. The composition is CO_2, N_2, CH_4, C_2H_6 and He etc. It is magma air source body and its geologic fashions are intrusion and buried volcanic conduit. The relations between gas reservoirs and gas source bodies have three types: magma intrusion-breaking-communicated gas reservoir, magma intrusion-contacted CO_2 reservoir and buried volcanic conduit-contacted gas reservoir. The CO_2 migration in magma intrusion is consisted of fusing and crystallizing phases;it in volcanic conduit is consisted of near-surface effusion and crystallizing phases.The buoyancy of CO_2 in water far more than migration resistance in breaking or chink, CO_2 is easy float upward, the floating can results in differentiation of different density gases and concentration of sealed gas. The gas in sand reservoir firstly migrate into the higher porosity and coefficient of permeability sand, and along with the pressure going up it migrate into the lower. In magma intrusion-breaking-reservoir migration, CO_2 firstly migrate into watered breaking, began gravity differentiation and concentrate, the gas pressure time and again go up, CO_2 migrate into reservoir and concentrate under expansibility as the pressure reach upward a given extend. The CO_2 in reservoir experience four breaking modes: chemistry deposition, dissolution, diffusion and mechanic breaking, the pressure balance can be broken by faulting and the CO_2 will further migrate and form new reservoir.

济阳坳陷已发现的八里泊、阳25、平方王、平南、高青、花17 CO_2气藏主要储集层位有奥陶系、中生界、沙四段、沙三段、沙一段、馆陶组和明化镇组，储集层岩性以砂岩和碳酸盐岩为主，盖层以泥质岩、页岩和岩浆岩为主。；圈闭类型主要为受断裂改造的背斜、断块及刺穿岩体遮挡圈闭。；气体成分主要有CO_2、N_2、CH_4、C_2H_6、He等。；主要气源体为岩浆气源体，气源体的主要地质形式为侵入体和埋藏的火山通道。；气藏和气源体的空间关系有岩浆侵入体一断裂一气藏沟通型、岩浆侵入体-CO_2气储集层接触型和埋藏火山通道-气储集层接触型三种类型。；岩浆侵入体CO_2气运移分为熔融运移阶段和结晶运移阶段，火山通道中CO_2气运移分成近地表喷发阶段和结晶运移阶段。；断裂中，CO_2在水中的浮力远大于运移阻力，CO_2气容易上浮，CO_2在断裂中的易浮性导致不同密度气体的分异和走向上封闭的断裂气体相对富集。；气体在砂岩储集层运移聚集具有选择性，会优先进入孔隙度和渗透率较高的砂岩，随着压力增加，才会进入孔隙度和渗透率较低的砂岩；在岩浆气源体-断裂-储集层空间输导格架下，CO_2气在膨胀力的驱动下，首先进入含水的断裂并重力分异而聚集，气体压力会不断增高，当压力增至一定程度，CO_2气会向高孔隙度、渗透率的储集层运移并聚集。；在岩浆气源体-储集层接触空间输导格架下，CO_2气受膨胀力的驱动直接向储集层运移并聚集。；成藏的CO_2气会经历化学沉淀、溶解、扩散和机械破坏四种破坏方式，会受断裂切割而打破压力平衡，沿断裂进一步运移和聚集成藏。

Four substances including 2-methyl ethyl acetoacetate and barley straw extract distilled from bulrush as well as cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and isothiazo lintone were used for the comparison experiment in inhibiting the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa in various phases. Result showed that inputting chemicals in the lag phase has better effect than in the log phase, and adding in lag phase can effectively inhibit the algae growth. Although feeding allelopathic substance at log phase can lead to certain restraining effect, it cannot result in the effective inhibition of algae growth, which can be well achieved by feeding CTAB and isothiazo lintone below 10mgl/L during log phase.

研究用从芦苇中提取的2-甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯和大麦秸浸出液两种化感物质以及十六烷基溴化钱和异噻唑啉酮等四种药剂对不同生长期的铜绿微囊藻进行了对比抑制试验，结果显示在铜绿微囊藻生长的迟缓期投加试验药剂效果比在对数期投加效果都好，在迟缓期投加四种药剂，都有很好的抑藻效果；在铜绿微囊藻生长的对数期投加化感物质，虽然有一定的抑藻率，但效果较差，而在藻对数期投加10mg/L以下的CTAB和异噻唑啉酮能达到很好的水华抑制效果。

Such doubts havesitimulated the researchers'curiosity and start to explore the students' terms This research proceeds by observation interview test using learning sheets and etc The purpose is to explore students' terms of scientific concepts sources of terms connections between students' usage nomenclature and chooses of usage The results of the research are as follows: 1 There are five kinds of naming principles for students' terms of scientific concepts: appearance habit function replacing and sound Appearance principle contains three categories: color shape and partial construction; habit principle contains custom and ability; replacing principle contains reality and non-reality 2 Students' terms of scientific concepts come from two ways: self-acquisition and learning through senses The former way is only a bit more common than the latter 3 There are three different relationships between students' usage of terms and nomenclature: one both the same in usage and meaning; the other both different; another different usage but the same meaning Normally terms that students used are various from nomenclature in the aspects of usage and meaning only a few would match and even rare for "Synonyms" to occur 4 Alternative options for students' scientific terms are maintenance adaptation or co-existence with formal scientific terms The most common way of selecting usage of terms is to maintain Sometimes students would adapt themselves once learn of scientist's term However some believe that very odd chances for both could exist at the same time

这样的疑问深深引起研究者的好奇，著手探索学生科学概念所使用的语言。本研究透过观察、访谈、学习单施测等方法来进行，目的在探讨学童在科学概念上所使用之学生惯用语、学生惯用语来源、学生惯用语与科学家用语之关联性、学生惯用语选择。研究结果如下：一、学童在科学概念上所使用之学生惯用语的命名原则有五种：外型、习性、功能、藉代称呼及声音，其中外型原则有颜色、体型及部份构造三类目，习性原则有习惯及能力两类目，藉代称呼原则有实体及虚拟两类目。二、学童在科学概念上所使用之学生惯用语有两种来源，分别为自己称取和听来。学生惯用语来源较多为自己称取，透过其他方式听来少一点，但两种来源的比率差距甚小。三、学童在科学概念上所使用之学生惯用语和科学家用语的关系有三种，分别为用语意涵均相同、用语不同意涵相同和用语意涵均不同。学生惯用语通常和科学家的用语是不同的，且其意涵也不同，只有部份学生惯用语和科学家用语意涵均相同，至於学生惯用语和科学家用语不同但意涵相同的极少。四、学童的科学概念相关学生惯用语选择有三种，分别为维持学生惯用语、改变成科学家用语和科学家与学生惯用语皆可。学童的科学概念相关学生惯用语选择，以维持学生惯用语最多，而有些时候学生会在得知科学家的用语后改变成科学家用语，但认为科学家用语和自己使用的学生惯用语皆可的则很少。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐