有关存在的

Pragmatic presupposition determines the choice of information focus and its position in a sentence,organizes the discourse into a coherent whole,concise,clear and smooth,and achieves the expected stylistic effects.in college english teaching,if teachers teach the knowledge about pragmatic presupposition in listening teaching,introduce the frequently-seen patterns of presupposition, increase the presuppositional sensitivity of students to certain words and structures,guide students to use the theory on presuppositional information to make forecasts on base of written listening material,listen purposefully,and get rid of the distraction of the minor and redundant information,the ability of students to obtain major information and linguistic inference will be strengthened and their listening competence will improve remarkably.george yule divided presuppositional triggers into factive presupposition,non-factive presupposition,counter-factive presupposition,existential presupposition,lexical presupposition and structural presupposition.presuppositional triggers are helpful for us to understand the true intention of the speaker or writer.in college english reading teaching,if teachers introduce the discourse organizing function of pragmatic presupposition and the relevant presupposition triggers,and teach students to use these triggers to communicate with the writer,the comprehension competence of students will be greatly enhanced.the essential function of presupposition is to build a framework for the further development of discourse.in college english writing teaching,teachers can use the theory on pragmatic presupposition to construct a handy training program for textual organization,increase the textual coherence, economy and structural perfection of the english writings by students.in college english translation teaching,teachers should focus on developing the pragmatic presuppositional thinking of students,enable them to grasp the presupposed information in source text / speech exactly,understand the original thoroughly,correctly reorganize and reproduce the pragmatic presuppositions in the target language,carry out the functional equivalence in translation and successfully realize the smooth and accurate communication.with the instruction of pragmatic presupposition in college english teaching,the complete understanding and integral acquisition of english and chinese of students will come true.in conclusion,to implement the curriculum requirements for college english teaching promulgated by the ministry of education of china,we should emphasize the instruction of the theory on pragmatic presupposition in college english teaching,carry it through from beginning to end.it's one of the important means to realize the college english teaching reform, improve the effects of college english teaching,strengthenr the practical and integrative language abilities of students,in order to cultivate the compound talents to adapt to the global integration and meet the requirements of the reform and opening in china.

在大学英语教学中，教师将语用预设知识贯穿于听力教学过程中，讲授一些常出现的预设类型，提高学生对一些特定的词语和结构的预设敏感度，引导学生运用预设信息理论对听力文字材料进行预测，有的放矢，排除次要、冗余信息的干扰，增强获取主要信息的能力和语言推理能力，从而提。。。更多高学生的听力理解水平。george yule将预设触发语分为事实预设、非事实预设、反事实预设、存在预设、词汇预设和结构预设，触发语有助于我们在阅读当中理解作者的真正用意。在大学英语阅读教学中，介绍语用预设的语篇组织功能和有关的预设触发语，并利用触发语来与作者进行交流，会极大地提高阅读理解能力。预设的基本功能就是为语篇的进一步发展建立一个框架。利用语用预设理论可以为大学英语写作教学构建一个易于操作的篇章组织训练方法，提高学生英语写作的语篇连贯性，经济性和结构优化。在大学英语翻译教学中，注重培养学生的语用预设思维，准确把握源语的前提信息，透彻理解原文，使语用预设在目的语中正确重组和再现，实现翻译的功能对等，交际的流畅性和准确性，并增强学生对英汉双语的全面性认识和整体性习得。综上所述，为更好地贯彻和实施教育部颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》，在大学英语教学中重视语用预设理论的传授，使语用预设贯穿于大学英语教学的始终，是实现大学英语教学改革的重要手段，改善大学英语教学效果，增强学生的实用综合语言能力，培养符合全球一体化趋势，适应改革开放要求的复合型人才。

The Lynn White debate, which begun when White called for a rethinking of Christianity or its replacement by a nonWestern religion, has proved an obstacle to dealing with the environmental crisis The defense of Christianity that followed inhibited Asian and comparative environmental ethics in the West and did not produce environmentally useful results Whenever the relationship of religion and the environment was raised, the discussion quickly shifted to the issue of Christian responsibility for the environmental crisis The problem with the debate is that in many important ways, the White thesis is correct: Christianity is indeed responsible to a significant degree in that Christianity desacralized nature and it supported policies politically in the Middle Ages that encouraged now harmful human population growth and promoted science and technology, much of which has proved to be environmentally problematic There was nevertheless a second tradition of which Saint Francis of Assisi was a part that was environmentally friendly and that could be useful in rethinking Christianity environmentally It is however unlikely that Christianity will prove useful in the development of an environmental ethic in nonWestern countries or that nonWestern religions will succeed in producing an environmental ethic in the West It is therefore important that religious scholars move beyond assigning blame for the environmental crisis and find ways for the major world religions to help develop environmental ethics as best they can within their own cultural spheres

林恩怀特争论始于怀特关于对基督教进行重新思考或者由非西方宗教取而代之的呼吁。林恩怀特争论已经被证明成为处理环境危机的一个障碍。由此而起的对基督教的辩护制约了亚洲和其他比较环境伦理学在西方的发展，没有产生对环境有益的结果。无论何时，当人们谈及宗教和环境的关系的时候，讨论都会迅速转向有关基督教对环境危机责任的讨论。这一争论的关键在于，怀特的论文在很多方面是对的：基督教的确在相当大的程度上造成了自然的世俗化，并且在中世纪，基督教在政治上对现在看来有害的人口增长的政策提供了支持，促进了科学和技术的发展，很多诸如此类的政策已经被证明对环境是有害的。但是，基督教还存在另一种对环境友好的传统，Assisi城的&圣芳济&运动就是其中一例，这种传统也许对于从环境角度重新认识基督教是有益的。但是，对于非西方国家环境伦理的发展，基督教将很难能够有所作为，非西方宗教也不大可能成功地在西方产生出某种环境伦理。因此，对于研究宗教的学者们而言，重要的是要走出谁应该为环境危机受到指责的争论，找到世界各主要宗教如何在其各自的文化范围内对发展环境伦理提供最佳帮助的方法。

At that time, due to an immature market factors, the lack of active market, fair value is often difficult to obtain, leading enterprises in the use of these accounting criteria There is a certain arbitrariness, and thus left to the fair value of the abuse of loopholes, a profit of manipulation "Therefore, the new guidelines on the new system and operational matters dealing with the economy as much as possible by avoiding the 'fair value' pricing, according to the book value recorded." 2006 promulgated by the new accounting standards clearly require the use of fair-value model, this is not only the application of fair value measurement of financial instruments from the non-financial tools to the change, as well as for the application of fair value of a turning point - by the controversy "is used" to the "How a" turning point.

原因是由于当时要素市场不成熟，缺乏活跃的市场，公允价值往往难以获得，导致企业在运用这些会计准则时存在一定的随意性，从而也给滥用公允价值留下空子，出现人为操纵利润的情况，&因此，新准则和新制度对有关经济业务事项的处理尽可能地回避了按'公允价值'计价，而改按账面价值入账&。2006 年新颁布的会计准则明确要求采用公允价值模式，这不仅是公允价值计量的应用由金融工具向非金融工具的转变，也是对我国公允价值应用的一个转折点——由争论&是否采用&到&如何采用&的转折点。

Because of the problems in competitions and criticisms of wrong judgments, the problem of referees is in evidence. Thus the purpose of this research is to probe into the roles referees should play, stuffs referees should have and cultivations of referees.

但这却很难保证跆拳道能永续地成为奥运比赛项目，因为在跆拳道比赛中会浮现的问题，且到目前为止对跆拳道裁判判决胜负的操控及误判的事件都一直存在著被批判的现象，因此在跆拳道成为国际正式比赛项目的背后，跟裁判有关的高层面水平就显现出有所不足，故本研究目的在从裁判的角色及其应具备的素质以及对裁判的培训做探讨。

Several main results on the evolutions of the life and environment on early earth are summarized as follows:(1) the oxygenation of surface environment didn''t cease until a stable stage for 0.4Ga appeared after 1.6Ga;(2) compared to the isotopic compositions of kerogens and coexisted carbonates, the differences between two can effectively carrier the signals from local environments and bio-assemblages;(3) multiple isotopic relationships between kerogens and individual alkanes in Proterozoic samples were observed, which would depend on the specific biogeochemical processes;(4) repeated biogeochemical changes were observed accompanying Neoproerozoic glaciations, which suggesting that environmental rather than evolutionary forces were driving the biogeochemical changes;(5) the bio-radiations after Neoproterozoic glaciations were definitely suggested by molecular and isotopic data to be at the early Cambrian and after the middle of Doushantuo deposition with different triggers for them.

研究获得以下重要认识：（1）古元古代地表环境的氧化可能一直持续到中元古代早期(约1.6Ga)，而在此之后的4亿年里则保持相对稳定；（2）相对于传统的干酪根和碳酸盐的碳同位素组成，二者之差则能更好反映区域环境的演化特征；（3）在元古代干酪根与单体烷烃类之间存在多种碳同位素组成关系；而其与不同的生物地球化学过程有关；（4）全球海洋生物地球化学特征随新元古代多次冰期出现循环波动，这显然为环境因子的驱动；（5）在新元古代大冰期之后，分子与同位素数据显示地球生命在陡山沱中后期和早前寒武纪出现两次大辐射，然而两次生命辐射的本质却是不同的。

However, it does not provide solution to the existing problems. In the opinion of the author, the problem is how to handle the disputes among the state, collective and individuals on land surplus claim rights. The disputes, even several conflicts are factual conflicts of interests. The problem is caus...

本文认为，现存问题的难点在于，处理好国家、集体和农民之间围绕着土地剩余索取权的争议，甚至严重的冲突，归根结底是利益之争；问题的根源在于，现行的有关农村土地制度中&农民集体所有&的产权安排存在着&产权残缺&等障碍；解决问题的关键在于，合理借鉴历史上的佃主和佃户双重产权主体的土地产权制，剥离介于国家和农民之间的集体产权主体地位，明确赋予农民土地财产权，并实现切实的立法和制度保护

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。