最长度

During the BPSE process, a high-speed special mode frame is sent, bit error rate is fed back to the sender, as well as signal to noise and BERs for each rate are obtained by looking up the empirical BER/SNR curve. During the SLRA process, the equation of goodput relative to BER and frame length is solved, to obtain the maximized goodput and its related BER and frame length.

SLRA先通过求解有效带宽、BER和包长度的解析方程，然后得到各种速率下的最优有效带宽、及其相应的包长度，从而在理论上优化有效带宽；由于SLRA计算过程非常复杂，我们提出了近似查表的方法来简化优化过程，使得其适用于便携式通信设备。

When a length is included, it specifies the -minimum- length of the interpolated formatting.

如果指定了长度值，它指定的是被替代格式的最小长度。

The ratio of length to height is approximately 7:6. Length is measured on a level from the foremost point of the shoulder to the rearmost point of the buttocks.

长度与高度的比率接近 7：6(长度是肩部最前点至臀部最后点的水平距离)。

Assume β=1, and confidence level is 0.95, the length of normal confidence interval is compared to the length of shortest confidence interval, the results show: both absolute difference d and relative difference e are decreased by the increasing sample number n, when n≤9, e≥10%.

在假设参数β=1，置信水平为0.95的条件下，比较了常用置信区间与最短置信区间的长度，结果表明：两者长度的绝对差d和相对差e均随样本容量n的增大而减小，当n≤9时，e≥10%。

The influence of the defect on the torsional stiffness and the stress distribution are calculated and analyzed by finite element method. The defect widths range from one-tenth of the femur outer diameter(0.1D) to (0.3D), and defect lengths range from 1D to 5D.

计算结果表明：骨缺损长度为D时，对股骨扭转刚度和剪应力分布的影响较小；骨缺损长度从2D增至4D时扭转刚度急剧减小，而且剪应力的最大值位于骨缺损中心。

Beams which are part of a truss shall use the distance between panel points as their unbraced lengths, or if the panel has connecting major members, the unbraced length shall be based on the distance between panel points or connecting members, whichever is the shorter distance.

作为构架上的一部分的横梁将节点之间的距离作为无支撑长度；或者，如果面板已经连接到主要部件上，无支撑长度应该以节点或连接部件之间的距离作为基础，选择最短距离即可。

We introduce some important characteristic lengths such as Fermi length, mean free path, phase-relaxation length and so forth. We also give the conditions in which electrons transport ballistically and derive the basic Landauer ? Btiker conductance formula in mesocopic physics. At last the quantum bound states in bent-structure are presented.

介绍了几个常见的特征长度（费米波长、平均自由程、相位相干长度等），说明了电子做弹道输运的条件，以及介观物理研究中最基本的Landauer-Buttiker电导公式，最后还阐明了弯曲结构中存在的量子束缚态。

Specifically, itcontains 8 chapters.In chapter 1, the formation, structures, properties and the futureprospect of liposome were thoroughly reviewed;In chapter 2, the stibility and permeability of phopholipid -eleostericacid liposome were studied together with the effect of polymerizationof eleostearic acid. This membrane system was very sensitive to 〓,the effect of 〓 was clarified to increase the aggregation/fusion ofliposomes and made the permeability of mixed liposomes much higher;In chapter 3, two polymerizable conjugated diyne bolaamphiphiles were synthesized. They could form very stable mixed liposome, andthe diyne could be polymerized by UV light in bilayer liposomes, as aresult, the stability of mixed liposome against solvent or surfactantafter polymerization were enhanced. In chapter 4, two kinds of amphiphilic amino acids were synthesized andstable liposomes were formed therefrom After the condensationpolymerization of amino acid in bilayer liposomes, stable polypeptide liposomes were obtained, which had lower phase transition temperatureand higher permeability.In chapter 5, four kinds of glycolipids were synthesized and theiraggregation behavior in water was comparied. When incorporated intophospholipid bilayer membranes, they could increase the phase transitiontemperatures and inhibit the aggregation and fusion of mixedliposomesat lower temperature.In chapter 6 and 7, three kinds of steroidal bolaamphiphiles withdifferent chain lengths were synthesized. Incorporation of steroidalmoiety to the center of lipid bilayer membrane obviously increased themobility of lipid membrane and shifted Tc to lower temperature side incomparasion with cholesterol. The bolaamphiphile which was shorter thanthe hosted lipid bilayer membrane thickness influenced the lipid packingmore obviously.

全文共分8章：第一章对脂质体的形成、结构、性质及展望进行了较为详细的文献综述；第二章研究了磷脂-桐酸脂质体的稳定性，通透能力及桐酸的聚合对这些性质的影响；磷脂-桐酸混合脂质体为一类对〓灵敏的脂质体，〓的作用首先是使脂质体集聚然后使脂质体融合，并加速内包荧光物的释放；第三章通过合成两种可聚合共轭双炔双极性双亲分子DDCA，DDOL，研究了共双炔分子在双分子层脂质体膜上的聚合及对脂质体性质的影响，聚合可以提高脂质体相对于溶剂及表面活性剂的稳定性；第四章合成了两类氨基酸为极性基团的双亲分子，它们均可以在超声下形成稳定的脂质体结构；氨基酸基团可以在脂质体上进行缩聚反应，若聚合后脂质体表面仍有足够的亲水能力，则可得到稳定的多肽型脂质体；聚合后脂质体的相变温度降低，通透能力增加；第五章合成了四种亲水基团为单糖基的双亲分子GL-l，GL-2，GL-3， GL-4，研究了它们在水中的分散情况、集合体形态与分子结构的关系；在DMPC双分子层膜中加入糖脂分子可以使脂质体的相变温度提高，阻止脂质体在低温放置时的集聚与融合；第六章-第七章合成了三种不同碳链长度的双极性含胆甾环双亲分子 CL-1，CL-2，CL-3；它们可以象胆固醇一样与磷脂混合形成稳定脂质体，胆甾环基团位于脂质体双分子层膜的中间；与胆固醇的作用相反，它们可以增加磷脂双分子层膜的流动性，降低混合脂质体的相变温度；三种分子的作用与其碳链长度和磷脂双分子层膜的厚度有关，比膜厚度短的分子影响最大。

Inherent inter-symbol and inter-carrier interference elimination ability of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system attribute to its cyclic prefix. But the case of multipath fading channels whose the channel impulse response length exceeds the duration of cyclic prefix causes intersymbol interference and intercarrier interference, which may degrade system performance severely.

正交频分复用系统中的循环前缀具有一定的抗码间干扰和子载波间干扰的能力，但是当多径衰落信道的最大信道脉冲响应长度超过了循环前缀长度时，OFDM系统的性能将会严重下降。

Results We obtained a lysogenic bacteriophage MZTP01with clear plaque and 1 mm diameter. Fragment D with 2362bp (Genebank No. AY639599) was obtained after the phage DNA hydrolyzed by HindⅢ/EcoRⅠ. Among fragment D, the pep gene with molecular weight of 47 kDa and length of 1101bp was cloned and expressed. Recombinant M15 (pQE30pep) was built and overexpressed in Escherichia coli with a 47kDa clear band. At the same place a clear band was observed by Western blot. Judging from the time course expression, we could conclude that PEP protein produced at 1 hour after induction and then increased gradually. PEP protein was mainly in the form of inclusion body in the recombinant and slowed the growth speed of host. Homologous comparison of PEP protein from phage MZTP01 with other PEPs from BLAST were that phage MZTP01 PEP protein had 100% homologe with that of Escherichia coli K12, and most of others took the similarity in the range between 37%~84%.

诱导获得的溶原性噬菌体MZTP01斑点清晰，直径约1mm，成斑时间12h；从噬菌体基因组DNA双酶切(HindⅢ/EcoRⅠ)片段中回收长度为2362bp的D片段(Genbank登录号： AY639599)，又从D片段中克隆了长度为1101bp、编码367aa、分子量为47kDa的pep基因，表达载体M15(pQE30pep)在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli， E.coli)中表达获得了47kDa的清晰表达带，在1h 时开始产生蛋白并有逐步上升的趋势； Western blot 也在47kDa处得到一条清晰的条带；可溶性分析表明PEP蛋白在重组菌株中是以不可溶的包含体形式存在的，该蛋白的产生明显地抑制了宿主的生长速度；噬菌体PEP氨基酸序列之间的同源性比较表明，噬菌体MZTP01 PEP蛋白与来自E.coli K12噬菌体的PEP蛋白的同源性程度最大。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。