最大变化

A series homopolyme of ethylene synthesised by metallocene catalyst was analyzed by the high temperature gelatin permeation chromatography. The results showed that the molecular weight distribution changed not too much when the ratio of Al/Ti ranging between 1000 and 4000, while the molecular weight distributed increased from 2.48 to 2.81 when the ratio ranging between 4000 and 7000; catalyst D had the lowest activity to be used as asymmetric metallocene catalyst; the curve of molecular weight moved much to the left with the increases of temperature and two active centres appeared when the temperature is 70℃.

通过高温凝胶渗透色谱对茂金属催化合成的一系列乙烯均聚物进行了分析，可以看出Al/Ti比从1000变到4000时，分子量分布曲线图变化不大，而从4000变到7000时，变化相当大，分布宽度从2.48增至2.81；催化剂D的活性最小，可作为非对称性茂系金属催化剂；该聚合体系分子量的大小受聚合温度的影响很明显，随温度的升高，分子量分布曲线图向左发生很大位移，在聚合温度为70℃时存在两个活性相当的活性中心。

The mechanism of photosensitivity and phototaxis was studied with optical andelectrophysiological method. The results are as follows:1 among three kinds of Chysopa peral. of the compound eyes show little daily change in Chrysopa sinica Tjedar .The model and color of psesudpopupil show significant daily change in Chrysopa septempzhbybimctata Wesmacl and Chrysopa formosa Brauer, color and diameter of the psesudpopupil of the compound eyes in Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmacl make rapid change at noon, afternoon ,night are similar ,but make little change in the morning and the next morning. Diameter of psesudpopupil of compound eyes is the biggest in the afternoon, which of Chrysopa formosa Brauer, is the biggest at noon.

本文应用光学及电生理学方法对棉铃虫优势种天敌—中华草蛉、大草蛉和丽草蛉3种草蛉的感光和趋光机制进行了研究，主要研究结果如下： 1、中华草蛉、大草蛉、丽草蛉复眼伪瞳孔大小、颜色昼夜间有节律性变化，且种间具有不同的变化模式。3种草蛉中，中华草蛉复伪瞳孔大小昼夜节律变化不明显，其模式和颜色上亦基本无变化，中间为一小黑点，其外围是绿色，最外层为红色，形状为正六边形：大草蛉、丽草蛉的复眼伪瞳孔大小昼夜间不同，大草蛉的复眼伪瞳孔在中午、下午、晚上变大，早晨和次日早晨基本一致，但次日早晨稍小些。

The research results show as follows. As plastic deformation increases, the Young's modulus of material continuously changes. This variation law is able to be described using a piecewise linear function .Hardening model and whether the variation is considered or not make great effet on springback prediction. It is proved that the springback prediction result which adopts the elastic-plastic constitutive model based on INLK hardening model and the variation of Young's modulus is considered, is more close to experimental result. After the sheet metal undergoes multiple bending, the corner radius and bending height also affect springback greatly.But the effect trend is different. At the same time, the reliability of springback research using numerical simulation is proved.

研究结果表明：材料弹性模量随塑性变形的变化是不断变化的，该变化规律可用分段线性函数进行描述；强化模型及考虑弹性模量变化与否对回弹预测有很大的影响，基于INLK强化模型和考虑弹性模量变化的弹塑性本构模型对回弹的预测结果与试验最接近；多次弯曲中圆角半径与弯曲高度对板料变形后的回弹有较大影响，但影响趋势不同；证明了数值模拟方法对回弹研究的可靠性。

During the four years study on the project, we develop a dynamical forecast model that describing the subtropical ridge surface. A new theory on the role of the land-sea thermal difference on the formation of the Subtropical High is advanced. It is concluded that in the summer subtropics over each continent and its adjacent ocean LO, SE, CO, and a double-dominant heating from west to east compose a LOSECOD heating quadruplet. The influence of the Eurasia continent on SH varies according to the seasonal variation. From the ideal numerical simulation it is shown the important role of the Eaiuan continent and the huge topography on the mechanism of formation and mantanence of the SH during the summer. It is verified by the numerical simulation that the extension of the subtropical continent into the tropics greatly enhances the " East Asian monsoon". Through the Rossby energy dissipation theory it is verified that the deep latent convective heating induces the onset of the South China Sea monsoon over the Bay of Bengal. The relationship and mechanism between the precipitaiton over the East Asia and the Subtropicla high is illustrated by the data. It is also found the close phase lock between the east-west shift of the SH and the disturbence of the east wind belt over the tropical troposphere. The interaction between the structure and activity feature of the SH and the Meiyu over the Yangtze-Huaihe river valley is revealed from the data. The numerical simulation verified the impact of the different SH pattern on the path of the typhoon.

本项目的研究发展了描述副热带高压脊面变化的动力模型，提出了夏季副热带地区四叶型非绝热加热分布型及相应环流拼图的创新理论；明确了大陆尺度的海陆热力差异在副热带高压形成中的作用；指出欧亚地形对副热带高压和气候的影响随季节变化而变化，通过数值试验证明春季青藏高原的感热加热对亚洲夏季风的爆发地点起了"锚定"的作用，进一步证实了副热带高压断裂和亚洲夏季风的最早爆发地点发生在孟加拉湾东岸；利用Rossby波能量频散理论证明了孟加拉湾深对流潜热释放诱导南海季风爆发的机制；揭示了东亚季风降水的季节内变化与西太副高的关系及机理；揭示了西太副高与东西风带中扰动之间的相互作用过程，指出西太副高的东西活动与热带对流层上空东风带扰动和中纬度西风带扰动的移动和锁相密切相关；研究了夏季淮河流域梅雨期间副高结构和活动特征及其与江淮暴雨的相互作用；验证了不同副热带高压形态对台风路径的不同影响；通过数值试验证明了欧亚大陆和青藏高原等大地形对副热带高压形成和维持的重要作用。

The results show that(1)the barrier and passage effects of longitudinal range-gorge break the law of zonal distribution of air temperature in Yunnan,the law of longitudinal distribution of air temperature is obvious and the spatial distribution is very zonally asymmetry;(2)under the effect .

结果表明：(1)纵向岭谷地形的"阻隔—通道"作用，使云南温度的纬向分布规律被破坏，经向分布规律比较明显，空间分布极不均匀；(2)纵向岭谷作用下云南热量地域分布差异显著，南部热量丰富，北部欠缺，西部比东部丰富，河谷地区热量最丰富，滇西北及山区热量最贫乏；(3)6、7月热量最丰沛，1月最为贫乏，春季热量好于秋季；(4)近30 a云南年平均气温有明显的上升趋势，存在明显的7 a、11 a、18 a周期振荡；(5)云南年平均气温具有大范围位相一致的变化趋势及东部冷与西部暖的变化类型。

Based on the acquisition –processing-abstraction of data, the structures an quantities of land use/cover change, the change of degree, the land use/cover dynamic degree and the index of the land use/cover dynamic degree were researched and analyzed comprehensibly in two different periodes(1990-1999,1999-2002) and sum up the conclusion.

结构变化不明显。水域、居民地、耕地动态度比较大，变化较为剧烈；未利用地动态度最小，变化缓慢。1990-2002年间水域、居民地、耕地与其他土地利用/覆盖类型间相互转化面积差额较大，转入面积大于转出面积，即在相互频繁转换同时单边转入明显；林地、草地、未利用地与其他土地利用/覆盖类型间相互转化面积差额不大，处于一种动态均衡状态。

The most serious desertification occurred in southeast of MuSu Desert,then appeared inferior degree in midst,north,south and east,anddegression degree in other directions.6.The changes of environment in Mu Su Desert in historical times havebeen controlled by climatic changes in temperature and drought-wetwithin hundreds or thousands years.At present,it came into being suchspatial structure and environmental characteristics fordesertification land because of being relative to other naturalgeographic characters and human activities.In all that,physiognomyand hiemal wind are the driving factors.The sandy matter in stratumis the physical fountain factor.The depravation of surface water inthis region is one of representations of environmental changes, meanwhile,it is also the factor which leads to the degradation ofvegetation and desertification.On the whole,human activity has actedupon these natural elements,becoming a dominant factor in the regionalenvironment changes since Ming and Qing dynasty.7.Influencing of human activities on the environment of Mu Su Deserthad occurred before Qin dynasty,and its intensity of earlier influencewas so slight that it could not cause a large scope and long timeenvironmental changes.

沙漠化的程度是东南部最强，中北部、南部和东部次之，而后向其他方向递减。6、毛乌素沙地历史时期的环境变化是受百年乃至千年尺度的气候冷暖、干湿变化控制的，之所以形成目前这样的沙漠化土地空间分布格局和环境特征，则与其地的自然地理特征和人类活动有密切关系，其中地貌及冬季风是动力因素；地层中的沙物质是物源因素；地表水环境恶化是区域环境变化的表现之一，同时又是植被退化和沙漠化的引致因素；人类活动总体上是叠加在自然因素之上的，只是明清以来在局地环境变化中成为主导因素。7、毛乌素沙地人类活动的环境影响在先秦时期就已出现，早期的影响程度是轻微的，不足以造成大范围、长时段的环境变化。

The result makes clear, 2 class give urban sewage plant on the molecular quantity interval that organic owner should center the dissolvability in water water in kDa, and the content of organic matter compares hydrophoby the element of content big; of organic matter measures hydrophily interval distributings different organic thing shows water to accept filter film flux and hold back rate having distinct effect, the organic matter under molecular quantity 2kDa causes accept filter film to appear water flux attenuation bigger, organic matter is held back rate is minor, the organic matter that amounts to 57.2%; element to measure 10 ～ 100kDa causes accept filter film to appear water flux attenuation gentlier, organic matter is held back rate is older however highest the organic matter that amounts to 73.8%; to kiss scanty sex to differ shows water to accept filter film flux and hold back rate having distinct effect, classics is right of velar surface obstruction determine, confirm cause film to appear water flux and the main material that hold back rate change to be hydrophoby material, and the change that hydrophily material causes is minor.

结果表明，城市污水厂二级出水水中的溶解性有机物主要集中在kDa的分子量区间上，且疏水性有机物的含量比亲水性有机物的含量大；分子量区间分布不同的有机物对纳滤膜透水通量和截留率有着不同的影响，分子量2kDa以下的有机物引起纳滤膜透水通量衰减较大，有机物截留率较小，达57.2%；分子量10～100kDa的有机物引起纳滤膜透水通量衰减较平缓，有机物截留率却较大最高达73.8%；亲疏性不同的有机物对纳滤膜透水通量和截留率有着不同的影响，经对膜表面阻力的测定，证实引起膜透水通量和截留率变化的主要物质为疏水性物质，而亲水性物质引起的变化较小。

In the process of immigration of eastern Sichuan and western Hubei, at least three issues are worthy of noting: one, the settlers had a difficult trip, life was unstable and crafts was extremely difficult in the mountain region in early time; two, Land disputes are more common in initial time of immigration, occupying boundary, subleasing, reselling and looting land often caused fights even murder, which shows early highly complex relation of immigration in community; three, immigrants plays a very important role in the development of local economy. If the local economic development can be divided into four stages, the fourth period (that is, from the middle of the 18th century to the 19th century) is the most important period for immigration, is the period of fastest development of economy and is the period of the local economic development the largest impacted by immigrants.

初期移民社会至少有三个问题引起本文注意，首先、移民们行程艰难，到达深山地区初期的生活很不稳定，劳作极其艰辛；其次、土地纠纷是初期移民社会较为普遍的现象，蒙混占界、转租转卖、抢占土地往往引起群殴甚至酿成命案，初期移民社会围绕土地争夺而展开的各种关系极为复杂；三、移民给当地社会经济带来了较大的变化，如果可以将唐宋至十九世纪末当地经济的发展分为四个时期，那么，第三个时期(即十八世纪中叶到十九世纪)是移民的重要时期也是当地经济发展最快的时期，移民对经济发展变化的影响是很大的。

During the four years study on the project, we develop a dynamical forecast model that describing the subtropical ridge surface. A new theory on the role of the land-sea thermal difference on the formation of the Subtropical High is advanced. It is concluded that in the summer subtropics over each continent and its adjacent ocean LO, SE, CO, and a double-dominant heating from west to east compose a LOSECOD heating quadruplet. The influence of the Eurasia continent on SH varies according to the seasonal variation. From the ideal numerical simulation it is shown the important role of the Eaiuan continent and the huge topography on the mechanism of formation and mantanence of the SH during the summer. It is verified by the numerical simulation that the extension of the subtropical continent into the tropics greatly enhances the " East Asian monsoon". Through the Rossby energy dissipation theory it is verified that the deep latent convective heating induces the onset of the South China Sea monsoon over the Bay of Bengal. The relationship and mechanism between the precipitaiton over the East Asia and the Subtropicla high is illustrated by the data. It is also found the close phase lock between the east-west shift of the SH and the disturbence of the east wind belt over the tropical troposphere. The interaction between the structure and activity feature of the SH and the Meiyu over the Yangtze-Huaihe river valley is revealed from the data. The numerical simulation verified the impact of the different SH pattern on the path of the typhoon.

本项目的研究发展了描述副热带高压脊面变化的动力模型，提出了夏季副热带地区四叶型非绝热加热分布型及相应环流拼图的创新理论；明确了大陆尺度的海陆热力差异在副热带高压形成中的作用；指出欧亚地形对副热带高压和气候的影响随季节变化而变化，通过数值试验证明春季青藏高原的感热加热对亚洲夏季风的爆发地点起了&锚定&的作用，进一步证实了副热带高压断裂和亚洲夏季风的最早爆发地点发生在孟加拉湾东岸；利用Rossby波能量频散理论证明了孟加拉湾深对流潜热释放诱导南海季风爆发的机制；揭示了东亚季风降水的季节内变化与西太副高的关系及机理；揭示了西太副高与东西风带中扰动之间的相互作用过程，指出西太副高的东西活动与热带对流层上空东风带扰动和中纬度西风带扰动的移动和锁相密切相关；研究了夏季淮河流域梅雨期间副高结构和活动特征及其与江淮暴雨的相互作用；验证了不同副热带高压形态对台风路径的不同影响；通过数值试验证明了欧亚大陆和青藏高原等大地形对副热带高压形成和维持的重要作用。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。