最大变化

To the later, this dissertation has been done transient dynamic analysis, calculated the stress intensity factors changing with the damp of asphalt pavement, the cycle of load action and the parameters of pavement structure.

应力强度因子最大值随荷载作用周期的变化呈倒"S"状变化，在高频和低频荷载作用时，逼近静载作用时的应力强度因子值，在一定的频率出现最大值和最小值，但应力强度因子的变化幅度不大。

ABSTRACT Aiming at problems of trans-vector controller in a vehicle-carried induction motor such as variable rotor and stator resistance following motor temperature, and their inductance varying with flux saturation degrees. Firstly, CSI and VSI are introduced, for CSI, it can hold the advantages both FOC and DTC using stator flux directional, PI parameter and simulation are also introduced. Secondly, equations of IM in the synchronous rotary frame and its static counterpart, as figuring in the saturation condition of magnetic field, are dealt in this paper and the simulation results are presented. Thereafter, the parameter designing of PI trans-vector controller is processed, which features the non-linear model. In practical realization, as neglecting the dynamical change of motor inductance, this paper employs online modification of inductance parameters, according to the flux saturation, then transforms the non-linear equations into linear ones, and so compacts the structure of controller. Thirdly, in view of the maximum torque output is extraordinary requisite when Electrical Vehicle start up, accelerate, and overtake, this paper issues the maximum torque when both inverter and battery capacity is corporeally definite. Fourthly, on-line differentiating and analyzing both rotor's time constants and its flux by using the expanding order reduction and discrete Kalman filter equation are fathomed, in order to realize high-performance trans-vector algorithm, and also the simulation results are presented. Fifthly, the close-loop regenerative brake system, when the EV's torque is set constant, is deduced; at the same time, unification of electric drive model and brake model is executed. Combined with maximum charge current demands, the mathematical model for online yielding torque as a demand.

本论文针对车载异步电机在矢量控制器所遇到的问题：定转子电阻随温度变化及随电机饱和程度变化的转子电感及定子电感而影响电机调速性能提出一套完整的解决方案：分析了电流型逆变器和电压型逆变器在实现矢量控制时控制器参数的计算，分析出对于电流型逆变器在采用定子磁场定向时，其性能同时具有矢量控制和直接转矩控制两者的优势，并对电压型逆变器在转子磁场定向下的模型进行了仿真研究；建立异步电机非线性模型，推导出考虑磁饱和时异步电机在同步旋转坐标系及静止坐标系下的方程，并做出了仿真结果，建立异步电机在非线性模型下的矢量控制调节器的PI参数设计，在实际应用中，若忽略电机电感的动态变化，可以根据当前的磁路饱和状态而在线修正电感参数，从而将非线性方程线性化，降低控制器的复杂度；考虑到电动汽车在起动和加速超车时需要电机有最大转矩输出，本文讨论在逆变器容量一定和电池供电能力有限的情况下电机最大转矩输出问题；推导了异步电机扩展降阶、离散卡尔曼滤波方程在线辨识转子时间常数和转子磁通，用于实现高性能的矢量控制算法，并给出了仿真结果；推导出了电动汽车恒转矩给定的闭环回馈制动系统，实现了电动控制模型和制动模型的统一，而且结合铅酸电池最大充电电流的要求，为制动转矩在线给定建立了数学模型；设计了基于双DSP系统的高性能矢量控制器软硬件框图，并以大量实验数据说明矢量控制在电动汽车应用的实际应用状况。

RELIABILITY MTBF 600,000 hours Unrecoverable read errors 1 in 10^14 POWER Average idle current 5.0 watts Average seek power 7.30 watts Standby power 1.4 watts Sleep power 1.07 watts Maximum start current, DC 2.0 amps ENVIRONMENT Ambient Temperature Operating 0 to 60 degrees C Nonoperating -40 to 70 degrees C Maximum operating temperature change 20 degrees C per hour Maximum nonoperating temperature change 30 degrees C per hour Maximum operating case temperature 69 degrees C Relative Humidity Operating 5 to 90 Nonoperating 5 to 95 Maximum allowable humidity change 30 per hour Altitude Operating altitude -60.96 meters (-200 feet) Operating altitude 3,048 meters (10,000 feet) Nonoperating altitude -60.96 meters (-200 feet) Nonoperating altitude 12,192 meters (40,000 feet) Shock Operating vibration 0.50 Gs Operating Shock 63 Gs at 2 msec Nonoperating Shock 350 Gs at 2 msec Vibration Operating vibration 0.5 Gs at22-350 Hz Nonoperating vibration 5.0 Gs at 22-350 Hz ACOUSTICS Acoustics 2.6 bels Acoustics 2.7 bels

可靠性 平均无故障工作时间六十点○万小时不可恢复读错误1 10 ^ 14 电力平均闲置电流五点○瓦特平均寻求权力7.30瓦特待机功耗一点四瓦特睡眠电力1.07瓦特最大启动电流，直流二点〇安培环境常温经营0至60摄氏度非经营性-40 ℃至70摄氏度最大运行温度变化20摄氏度，每小时非经营性最大温度变化30摄氏度，每小时最大运行外壳温度69摄氏度相对湿度操作5至90 非经营性5日至95 最大允许湿度变化每小时30 高原高空作业-60.96米（-200米）操作高度三〇四八米（ 10000英尺）非经营性高度-60.96米（-200米）非经营性高度一二一九二米休克操作振动0.50亚基操作震动 63亚基在2毫秒非经营性休克 350亚基在2毫秒振动操作振动0.5气孔at22 - 350赫兹非经营性振动5.0亚基在22-350赫兹声学声学 2.6分贝声学仅有2.7分贝

With aggravation of drought stress, ZXY04P-75 and ZXY04P-201 increased in proline content while that of ZXY03P-173 and ZXY04P-239 increased initially, reaching the peak at the 8th day, then declined. And the rate of net photosynthetic declined notably with the intensity of drought stress, The minimum of decline rate of net photosynthetic is ZXY04P-201. 4. The results of photosynthetic mechanism for 4 Dactylis glomerata L. show: the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate,stomatal conductance and chlorophyll decreased dramatically, Compared with weak drought resistance ZXY04P-239,the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll in the leaves strong drought-resistance ZXY04P-201 decreased slowly.

连续水分胁迫及复水条件下4份鸭茅抗旱机理的研究表明，叶片水分饱和亏缺随着干旱胁迫强度的增加而增加，其中变化幅度最大的是ZXY04P-239，最小的是ZXY04P-201；ZXY03P-173和ZXY04-201质膜相对透性和可溶性糖含量随着干旱胁迫强度的增加而增加，而ZXY04P-75和ZXY04P-239出现单峰变化，在胁迫第8d后达到最大，然后下降；ZXY03P-173和ZXY04P-239脯氨酸含量在干旱胁迫第8d达到最大，而ZXY04P-75和ZXY04P-201的脯氨酸含量随着干旱胁迫程度的加深而逐渐达到最大；4份材料叶片的净光合速率随着干旱胁迫强度的增加而减小，其中ZXY04P-201的净光合速率下降率胁迫至12d时为最小。

Result Richards Model and Monodic Quadratic Equation could properly describe grain dry matter growing process and the change process of grain filling rate with days after anthesis. There was big difference in average grain filling rate, maximum grain filling rate under different planting density. Average grain filling rate 1.26 mg/ and maximum grain filling rate 2.44 mg/ of T7 were the quickest, and the average grain filling rate 0.94 mg/ and maximum grain filling rate 1.99 mg/ of T12 were the slowest, and the maximum difference percentage of the average grain filling rate and maximum grain filling rate among different density were 33.98%, 22.61%. There was significant correlation between average grain filling rate, maximum grain filling rate, grain filling active duration, rapid increasing stage and thousand grain weight, and the correlation coefficients were 0.628*, 0.630*, 0.849**, 0.739**. Active grain filling duration contributed mostly to TGW.

结果不同密度处理间千粒重、单位面积穗数、穗粒数、单株穗数、单位面积籽粒产量均存在显著差异；不同密度处理冬小麦的籽粒灌浆均符合慢－快－慢的&S&型生长特性，用Richards模型能很好地模拟冬小麦籽粒增重过程，用一元二次抛物线方程能较好地模拟冬小麦灌浆速率随花后时间变化过程；不同密度处理间平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率有较大差异，最大差异率分别为33.98%、22.61%，T7的平均灌浆速率1.26mg/及最大灌浆速率2.44mg/均最大，T12的平均灌浆速率0.94mg/及最大灌浆速率1.99mg/均最小；平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率、灌浆活跃期、灌浆快增期与千粒重显著或极显著正相关，相关系数分别为0.628*、0.630*、0.849**、0.739**；通径分析表明，灌浆活跃期对千粒重的贡献最大。

The secondary root number per plant of Yumai No 49,a mi d-s trength quality wheat,is the smallest among the three varieties except the winte r stage but its root system quality is the best;the intensity of reducing TTC an d the activity of SOD of fresh wheat root are the highest during the period fro m winter stage to flag leaf stage.Since flag leaf stage,its physiological charac ters are weaker and have bigger variation during whole stage.The secondary root number per plant of Yumai No 50,a soft quality wheat,is the biggest except duri ng winter stage,and its dry weight of root of single plant is the heaviest in ev ery stage.Before 19th,March,its intensity of reducing TTC is the weakest and dec reases abruptly after flag leaf stage,but its activity of SOD decreases slowly.R oot dry weight per plant of Yumai No 34,a high quality wheat,is the smallest amo ng the three varieties and its root system quality is the weakest.Before jointin g stage,the intensity of reducing TTC is stronger,but after that,it decreases sl owly though it is smaller,and the activity of SOD decreases slowly in every stag e.

中筋小麦豫麦49号除越冬初期外，其它各时期单株次生根条数均为最少，单株根干重介于豫麦34号及豫麦50号之间，单根质量高；越冬初期至挑旗期，根系活力、根中SOD活性均强于其它两个品种，挑旗后，根系生理活性较小，整个生育期根系生理活性变化幅度大；弱筋小麦豫麦50号除越冬初期外，其它各时期单株次生根条数均最多，单株根干重各时期均为最大；拔节前根系活力最弱，挑旗后根系活力下降幅度较大，根中SOD活性较强且各时期变化幅度不大；强筋小麦豫麦34号，单株根干重最小，根系质量最差；拔节前根系活力较强，拔节后根系活动较弱，下降速度缓慢，根中SOD活性各时期变化幅度较小。

According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

Results after the reservoir s building,the maximum variation was scouring and armoring for river bed downstream reservoir.

天然河流修建水库后，下游河道发生的最大变化就是河床冲刷粗化。

are gained that after widening, the settlement of two sides of the old road pavement is contrary, cross slope of old road is different, horizontal displacement of the old road pavement is minishes, the area of maxium settlement, maxium lateral displace and disease of old road is different as before widening.

分析结果指出：在拓宽段作用下，靠近老路中心一侧老路路面沉降逐渐减小，远离老路中心一侧沉降逐渐增大，相应横坡也在发生变化；老路路面的水平位移有较大幅度的减小；而且老路最大沉降、最大水平位移、最大剪应力及最易发生病害的位置与拓宽前也发生了较大的变化。

AbstractObjectives1 Correlate bone mineral densityto vertebral compressive strengths.2 Consummate the technique for percutaneous polymethylmethacrylate vertebroplasty and observe the pattern of PMMA imaging distribution.3 Determine the strength and stiffness of osteoporotic with or without vertebroplasty with PMMA bone cement.4 Correlation of BMD,insertion torque and pull-out strengths of pedicle screws.5 Ascertain whether augmentation with PMMA bone cement can enhance pedicle screw fixation in the osteoporotic spine.6 Ascertain whether augmentation pedicle screw fixation with PMMA bone cement can enhance the stability of unstable thoracolurner burst fractures of osteoporotic spine.

目 的1、测试椎体压缩强度，分析强度与骨矿物质密度（bone mineral density，BMD）的相关关系。2、观察经皮椎体成形术后聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂（polymethylme- thacrylate，PMMA）骨水泥在椎体内的形态学分布及影像学表现。3、比较PMMA骨水泥骨质疏松椎体成形术前/后椎体最大抗压力和压缩刚度的变化。4、分析椎体BMD、螺钉最大旅入力矩和最大拔出力三者之间的关系。5、分析PMMA骨水泥强化骨质疏松椎弓根螺钉后的螺钉的最大轴向拔出力和拔出刚度的变化。6、评价PMMA骨水泥强化骨质疏松椎弓根螺钉脊柱内固定对不稳定型胸腰椎损伤的即刻稳定性和反复载荷后的稳定性。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。