最大偏差

This article estimates the extreme loss distribution with extreme value theory, estimates the shape parameter with HKKP estimator, which is unbiased to small sample data, selects the right threshold by selecting smallest mean square error of the estimated cumulative distribution function and empirical cumulative distribution function and based on the extreme value theory method, this article estimates the extreme loss distribution and the p-percentile operational loss under certain believe range for Chinese commercial banks, then calculates the operational risk supervise capital.

本文利用极值理论对中国商业银行操作损失极端值分布进行估计，针对尾参数估计的来用传统Hill佑计对小样本数据容易产生偏倚的情况，提出了采用Hill佑计的改进―小样本无偏估计的HKKP佑计来估计操作损失的尾参数，针对由于阈值确定不准确导致结果偏差大的情况，采用最小化估计的累计概率分布与经验累计概率分布平均平方误差的方法确定较精确的阈值，估计出给定置信水平下操作风险损失的分位数，从而使得中国商业银行操作风险监管资本的测定成为可能。

Too much rainfall was simulated with the minimum deviation percentage of 30%.

月降水量模拟远远偏大，最小的百分比偏差也达到了30％。

Under the condition of changing in demand, this may lead to large minimum cost deviation between the designed optimal network and real optimal network, respectively.

往往造成构建出来的最优网络，在需求发生变化的条件下，与实际对应的最优解存在较大的最低成本优化偏差。

The LT5527%26rsquo;s high level of integration minimizes the total solution cost, board space and system-level variation.

LT5527的高集成度最大限度地减少了总体解决方案的成本、电路板占用空间和系统级偏差。

The LT5527's high level ofintegration minimizes the total solution cost, board space andsystem-level variation.

LT5527的高集成度最大限度地减少了总体解决方案的成本、电路板占用空间和系统级偏差。

To reduce or remove size effect, the size classification elimination method, volume average method and normalization method based on volume were presented and the calibration and prediction results indicate that these three methods could reduce or remove the size effect effectively. The normalization method is more suit to in-line application and obtained better calibration and prediction results with the r of 0.789, 0.858 and 0.947, the RMSEC of 0.596, 0.499 and 0.313, and the RMSEP of 0.606, 0.686 and 0.413 than the results without normalization with the r of 0.716, 0.793 and 0.848, the RMSEC of 0.678, 0.592 and 0.515 and the RMSEP of 0.825, 0.764 and 0.714 for the original spectra, the first derivative spectra and the second derivative spectra with soluble solids content using partial least square method , respectively. 4. Owing to much thick skin of watermelon, contrast experiment was conducted in skin-peeled watermelon and intact watermelon to compare the influence of skin on spectra.

针对西瓜果型大且差异显著的特点，研究果型差异对可见／近红外光谱以及建模与预测结果的影响，并提出三种方法消除或减小这一影响因素，分别是分级消除法、体积平均法和基于体积的正则化方法，其中基于体积的正则化方法，更适合在线生产应用，该方法使果型大小差异明显样品的原始光谱、一阶微分光谱、二阶微分光谱在对可溶性固形物含量检测时，采用偏最小二乘法的建模与预测结果由原来的校正相关系数r分别为0.716、0.793、0.848提高到r分别为0.789、0.858、0.947，均方根校正标准偏差RMSEC由原来的0.678、0.592、0.515分别降为0.596、0.499、0.313，均方根预测标准偏差RMSEP由原来的0.825、0.764、0.714分别降为0.606、0.686、0.413； 4。

First, those studies are biased: they tend to be carried out by staff at drop-in centers and by the police, who tend to see the most troubled streetwalkers .

首先，那些研究存在偏差：它们很可能是由收容所的工作人员或员警进行调查的，而这些人易于见到那些麻烦最大的街头妓女。

First, those studies are biased: they tend to be carried out by staff at drop-in cent er s and by the police, who tend to see the most troubled streetwalkers.

首先，那些研究存在偏差：它们很可能是由收容所的工作人员或员警进行调查的，而这些人易於见到那些麻烦最大的街头妓女。

By using high-resolution reference data to identify accurate GCPs, considering the spacecraft attitude deviations which TBUS can't supply, and adjusting the epoch time and ephemeris data at the criteria of constraint LeastMean-Square-Error, the geolocation accuracy of navigation for AVHRR data can be improved greatly.

由于采用具有足够定位精度的高分辨率参考图象以提取高精度的地面控制点，考虑了TBUS轨道报所不能提供的卫星姿态偏差，对历元时刻和卫星轨道根数进行有约束条件的参数最优调整，可使整条轨道大范围内的AVHRR导航定位精度有较大提高。

With adjusting the epoch time and ephemeris data at the criteria of constraint Least-Mean-Square-Error, the geolocation accuracy can reach 2 pixels in the whole images; and it can be improved to approximately 1 pixel in the whole images and less than 1 pixel at nadir by considering the spacecraft attitude deviations moreover.

如果进行历元时刻和卫星轨道根数的约束最优调整，导航定位精度在整条轨道大范围内可提高到2个像元左右；如果再加入卫星姿态偏差的校正，导航定位精度在整条轨道大范围内可稳定提高到1个像元左右，在星下点附近小于1个像元。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。