曲线球

So we suggest a new method for the measurement of d〓 according to the SHG conversion efficiency at some non-phase-matching direction, the optimum focus parameter ofNPM SHG was given also.

在KTP晶体球中第Ⅰ类PM SHG实验中，我们通过转动晶体球，直接根据谐波输出的强度得到了SHG的相位匹配方向，从而避免了折射率测量或色散方程计算的误差，并得到了精确的KTP晶体完整的第Ⅰ类PM曲线，以及相应PM方向的有效非线性系数d〓，根据这个测量结果，我们对文献报道的六组色散方程进行了比较，认为由Vanherzeele和Bierlein给出的色散方程拟合精度最高。

Two novel spherical helical antennas can be designed by projecting the planar equiangular spiral antenna onto the surfaces of hemisphere and partial sphere. Their radiation properties are analyzed by the moment method with curved basic and testing function, and the curves of the VSWR, gain, polarization and pattern vs.

将平面等角螺旋天线投影到半球面和部分球面上，可得到两种新型球面螺旋天线，采用基于曲线基函数的矩量法对其辐射特性进行了分析，给出了天线的驻波、增益、极化及方向图等随频率变化的曲线。

In this paper gravitational mass defect in static and spherically symmetric metric discussed by Ghose and Kumar is extended to the case of charged, static and spherically symmetric metric (Reissner-NordstrSm metric).

本文把Ghosc和Kumer在球对称、静态引力场(Schwarzchild度规)中讨论的引力质量亏损推广到荷电、静态、球对称场(Reissner-Nordstrm度规)中，并计算了亏损以后的质量M随初始质量M_0、荷质比α和半径r的各种变化曲线。

This project studies the scale-dependent deformation behavior of the metal matrix composite, the void nucleation and void growth mechanisms at the micron/submicron scale. The main results are:(1) In prophase, growth and coalescence of the void embedded in the graded matrix are analyzed in detailed;(2) Based on the infinite solid model containing a micro-void, coupling effects of the void shape and the void size on the void growth are studied carefully, the results show that it seems to exist a critical equivalent void radius, which is associated with the material length. When radius of a microvoid is close to or smaller than the critical void radius, the micro-void growth rate is essentially eliminated;(3) The coupling effects of the particle shape and size on the mesoscopic stress fields within the particle and matrix are also investigated by introducing the conception of inclusion/matrix interfacial energy. The results show that the stress concentration factors within the particle and on the matrix/particle interface are also strongly size-dependent,so the void nucleation mechanism is size-dependent.(4) By employing a specific orthogonal curve coordinate frame and a 'kernel function' conception, a 'unified method'solving the spheriodal and spherical void problems is suggested; by this unified method, size-dependent plastic potentials of the porous materials containing the spheriodal or spherical voids are obtained, which extend the traditional Gurson model for the spherical void and GLD model for the spheriodal voids to the micron scale.(5) Based on the RVE model containing the spheriodal or spherical particles, the influences of the particle shape and size on the size-dependent mechanical behavior of metal matrix composite are studied.

中文摘要：本项目对金属基复合材料在微细观尺度下的尺度相关变形行为、孔洞形核及长大的机理和模型进行了研究，取得了如下主要结果：1）在前期研究中，探讨了基体的梯度分布对孔洞长大和聚合的影响；2）基于含孔洞的无限大体模型，探讨了孔洞形状和孔洞尺寸对其长大的耦合作用，结果表明：可能存在一个与材料特征长度相关的临界孔洞尺寸，当椭球孔洞的等效半径小于临界孔洞半径时，孔洞的长大受到明显抑制；3）通过引入基体/夹杂界面能的概念，分析了夹杂尺寸、夹杂形状对材料细观应力场的耦合影响，结果表明：颗粒内部和界面上的应力集中因子强烈地依赖于夹杂的尺寸和形状，因此，孔洞的形核机理是尺寸相关的；4）采用一种特殊的正交曲线坐标系和引入"核函数"的概念，"统一"地得到了含椭球和球形孔洞的材料的尺寸相关塑性势，它将传统的Gurson球形孔洞模型和GLD椭球孔洞模型推广到微尺度范围；5）基于含椭球和球形夹杂的体胞模型，初步研究了夹杂形状、夹杂尺寸对金属基复合材料尺寸相关力学行为的影响。

It has great potentialities in such fields as micro-optics, integrated optics and optics communication.Firstly, based on the basic theory of GRIN optics the optical effects of the spherical symmetry GRIN micro-sphere lens were analyzed systematically.

本工作从梯度折射率介质光学的基本理论出发对球对称GRIN微球透镜的光学性能进行了系统分析；选择两种适当单体，采用悬浮扩散共聚法制备出聚合物梯度折射率微球透镜；测量所得透镜的折射率分布曲线和其他光学参数。

In this chapter, three kinds of target recognition methods are performed, which are:①Target recognition method based on the description of polarization parameter plane. The echo polarization states of target are projected onto the polarization state plane described by the ellipticity ε and the tilt angle τ of the polarization ellipse, the change of parameter following ferquency becomes the chart. According to the changing trait of the chart, the multidimensional polarization feature space of target has been contructed. Furthermore, a series of polarization feature parameters used in designing the structure of target recognition device are extracted, and they are insensible to the posture of target.②Target recognition method based on the description of Poincare polarization sphere. The echo polarization states of target expressed by Stokes vector are projected onto the Poincare polarization sphere. The conception of polarization ferquency stability, which is used in describing the dynamic distribution characteristics of the target echo polarization states on Poincare polarization sphere, has been defined. A group of polarization feature parameters used in designing the structure of target recognition device are extracted, and they are insensible to the posture of target.③Target recognition method based on the description of frequency sensitivity. In accordance with the conception of the polarization state distance defined on Poincare polarization sphere, the frequency sensibility of the physical structure property of target has been investigated, the frequency distribution feature curves in PSD domain are obtained, and targets'features are extracted by means of the curve-fitting method with Least Square Criterion.

这章具体研究了基于三种极化散射特性描述的相应的目标识别方法：①基于极化参数平面描述的目标识别方法，将目标回波极化状态投影到以极化椭圆参数，即椭圆率角ε和倾角τ表征的极化状态平面上，参数随观测频率的变化就形成了图，根据图的变化特点构造了目标的多维极化特征空间，并提取了不敏感目标姿态变化的极化特征参数组来设计目标的识别器结构；②基于Poincare极化球面描述的目标识别方法，采用Stokes矢量表征目标回波的极化状态，并将其投影到描述极化状态的Poincare极化球面上，定义了极化频率稳定度的概念用以刻画目标回波极化状态在Poincare极化球面上的动态分布信息，提取了准方位不变性的目标极化特征，最后设计了目标的识别器结构；③基于频率敏感性描述的目标识别方法，通过在Poincare极化球面上所定义的极化状态距离的概念，研究的是复杂目标物理结构特性对探测信号频率的敏感程度问题，获得了在极化状态距离下的频率分布特性曲线，采用最小二乘估计曲线拟合方法，它既用于极化特征的降维，同时又直接将拟合参数作为目标的分类特征。

Rna - Rns, see "Partitioning of net radiation", for multiple plants the fraction of radiation to each plant is calculated in the radiation section, see "Partitioning of radiation between plants", es is the vapour pressure at saturation, ea is the actual vapour pressure,ρa is air density, cp is the specific heat of air at constant pressure, Lν is the latent heat of vaporisation,Δ is the slope of saturated vapour pressure versus temperature curve,γ is the psychrometer "constant", rs is an "effective" surface resistance and ra is the aerodynamic resistance.

潜在蒸腾量 Etp 根据Monteith(1965)给出的彭曼联合方程形式计算：式中： Rn 为对于蒸腾的有效净辐射量(也就是 Rna - Rns ，见"净辐射划分"-Partitioning of net radiation，对于多重植被，每一株植物的辐射比率的计算见辐射一节的"植物间的辐射划分"Partitioning of radiation between plants)； es 为饱和水气压；ea 为实际水气压；ρa 为空气密度； cp 为常压下的空气比热；Lν为汽化潜热；Δ为与温度曲线饱和水气压关系曲线斜率；γ为干湿球湿度计"常数"；rs 为"有效"表面阻力；ra 为气动阻力。

Based on the measured refractive index distribution curve, according as the theoretical model of light transmission in the GRIN medium, using quadrivalent Runger-Kutta method to carry out the light tracking, by this means the mainly imaging character index of themicro-lens such as foci, longitudinal and transverse spherical aberrations aberration etc is calculated.i.

第五章 从测量所得折射率分布曲线出发，根据梯度介质球内光线传输的理论模型，用四阶runger-kutta方法进行光线追迹，计算了此种梯度球的纵横向球差等光学特性，给出所制作梯度折射率微球透镜成像性能的评价。

Based on the universal design formula for blade curve of isopitch on gyre milling cutter,the continuous isopitch blade curve on spherical cutter with protruding arc is deduced.

给出了回转铣刀上等螺距刃口曲线设计的通用公式，进而应用通用公式推出凸弧的球头铣刀上连续的等螺距刃口曲线。

Rna - Rns, see "Partitioning of net radiation", for multiple plants the fraction of radiation to each plant is calculated in the radiation section, see "Partitioning of radiation between plants", es is the vapour pressure at saturation, ea is the actual vapour pressure,ρa is air density, cp is the specific heat of air at constant pressure, Lν is the latent heat of vaporisation,Δ is the slope of saturated vapour pressure versus temperature curve,γ is the psychrometer "constant", rs is an "effective" surface resistance and ra is the aerodynamic resistance.

潜在蒸腾量 Etp 根据Monteith(1965)给出的彭曼联合方程形式计算：式中： Rn 为对于蒸腾的有效净辐射量(也就是 Rna - Rns ，见&净辐射划分&-Partitioning of net radiation，对于多重植被，每一株植物的辐射比率的计算见辐射一节的&植物间的辐射划分&Partitioning of radiation between plants)； es 为饱和水气压；ea 为实际水气压；ρa 为空气密度； cp 为常压下的空气比热；Lν为汽化潜热；Δ为与温度曲线饱和水气压关系曲线斜率；γ为干湿球湿度计&常数&；rs 为&有效&表面阻力；ra 为气动阻力。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。