暴露

Then,we improve CSFP Model in two aspects:when we ascertain the frequency of default,we use negative binomial distribution to substitute Poisson distribution so that the model can measure the data better;when we ascertain the loss distribution of default,we use Γ-distribution to substitute normal distribution.

其创新与特色一是对贷款组合的风险暴露数进行分段，在每一频段上分别确定风险暴露数分布，进而可以更准确的描述各笔贷款的风险暴露数。二是在确定风险暴露数分布时，用Γ分布替代了传统的正态分布，解决了贷款违约的风险暴露数分布的厚尾问题，进而解决了大宗贷款违约的风险度量问题。三是确定违约频率时，用负二项分布来代替传统的泊松分布，解决了违约频率的方差通常要大于其均值的分布拟合问题。

Materials and methods:Male Sprague—Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups as follow:Normoxia sedentary group,Hypoxic exposure group,Normoxia exercise group,living high training low group.the normoxia sedentary group lived in normoxic environment,hypoxic exposure group made hypoxic exposure for 12h in normobaric hypoxic tent(oxygen concentration 13.6%),Normoxia exercise group took 1h endurance exercise in normoxic environment at daytime,Hiho group was exposured in hypoxia at night after trained at daytime,the mode and duration of the both load were identical to hypoxic exposure group and normoxia exercise group.

研究方法：以雄性SD大鼠为研究对象，分成4组：常氧安静组、低氧暴露组、常氧运动组、高住低训组。常氧安静组在常氧环境下安静生活，低氧暴露组每晚在常压低氧(氧浓度13.6%)帐篷中低氧暴露12h，常氧运动组白天在常氧环境中进行耐力运动1h，高住低训组运动和低氧暴露的方式和时间分别同常氧运动组和低氧暴露组。

Methods The recorded information of 45 orthopedic surgeons who have encountered the occupational exposure to blood-derived pathogen (i.e.occupational exposure) have been accumulated from Jan 1st 2004 to Jun 30th 2006.The condition of the accident,category of the acumination,hepatitis B vaccine inoculation before the occupational exposure,the disposal after the hurt and the follow-up after the acumination hurt were analyzed.

方法收集从2004年1月1日-2006年6月30日所有发生血源性病原体职业暴露的骨外科医生登记资料45例，对职业暴露者暴露源血源性传播性疾病情况；锐器种类；职业暴露前乙肝疫苗接种情况；锐器伤害后的处理措施；锐器伤害后追综观察结果等进行分析。

The simulated results show that the AO exposures strongly affect the microstructures and properties of the two film materials. For instance, as the AO exposure increases, the mass loss increases, the surfaces of the two types of films roughens, the optical transmittance of Kapton and reflectivity of Kapton/Al mirror degrade, but the solar absorptance of kapton/Al films increases.

结果表明：两种材料的质量损失随原子氧暴露剂量的增加呈线性增大；原子氧暴露后，试样表面呈&地毯&状形貌，且随暴露剂量的增加粗糙度变大；Kapton薄膜的光谱透过率、Kapton/Al薄膜二次表面镜的光谱反射率随原子氧暴露剂量的增加而降低，Kapton/Al薄膜二次表面镜的太阳吸收比Δα随暴露剂量的增加而增大。

The time-activity of workers was recorded manually during sampling, and the average exposure levels of nanoparticle mass concentrations and nanoparticle number concentrations to workers were calculated from the time-activity pattern and the mapping data. In the iron foundry plant, the worker with the highest exposure level was the crane driver whose average exposure levels of nanoparticle number concentrations and nanoparticle mass concentrations were found to be 5.17x104 ?q/cm3 and 11.39 ?慊/m3, respectively.

为了解工作人员的质量暴露浓度，本研究在采样的过程中利用人工的方式将工作人员的时间-活动模式加以记录，结合此时间-活动模式以及奈米微粒质量浓度分布图，可以推估出工作人员的平均奈米微粒数目浓度与质量浓度暴露量，其中铸造厂暴露浓度最高的工作人员为天车吊桶作业人员，其奈米微粒平均暴露数目浓度与暴露质量浓度分别为5.17x104 #/cm3、11.39μg /m3。

The isotopic abundances of rare gases and cosmic-ray exposure ages of asteroid meteorites, planetary meteorites and the Apollo lunar samples applied to clue up and understanding cosmic-ray exposure history of parent bodies of different meteorite types, collision events, the relationship between cosmic-ray exposure ages and heliocentric distance of the parent bodies, irradiation history of precompaction exposure of chondrules, pairing meteorites for the Antarctic meteorites and desert meteorites, the ejection history of planetary meteorites, and relative ages of lunar craters and so on.

小行星陨石、行星陨石及阿波罗月球样品的稀有气体同位素丰度和宇宙射线暴露年龄，已广泛应用于探索和了解不同类型陨石母体的宇宙射线暴露历史、冲击碰撞事件、暴露年龄与日心距离的关系、吸积形成母体前硅酸盐球粒的辐照历史、南极和沙漠陨石中成对陨石的判别、行星陨石的溅射历史及月坑的相对年龄等关键词：宇宙射线暴露年龄；陨石；球粒陨石；无球粒陨石；火星陨石；中铁陨石

The one was to conduct field studies and empirical measurements in various environmental media of the normal and the workplace fields and nearby residents to explore the concentrations and distribution for those selected chemicals, including mercury, tributyltin oxide, triphenyltin hydroside, dieldrin, DDT (the derivatives DDD and DDE is included), endrin, heptachlor, aldrin, lindane, hexachlorobenzene, benzene and epichlorohydrin.

二、完成环氧氯丙烷及苯毒性化学物质，十二厂次之运作工厂厂内及周界环境流布（依物质特性选定检测之介质及相关暴露族群）共360个检测样品之实地量测调查资料，以了解、研判其在厂内之释放来源，以及运作工厂周界可能存在之环境介质及相关暴露族群之暴露浓度含量分布，并针对相关暴露族群进行不同途径之暴露推估。

In skin exposure experiment, we found urinary chromium concentrations in post-exposure overtly higher than that in pre-exposure when Wistar rats were exposed to chromium VI and chromium III at 100 mg/L simultaneously.

而在浓度100 mg/L的皮肤暴露途径下亦发现，同时暴露到Cr+Cr时，尿中的总铬平均浓度明显的高於未进行实验前的尿中总铬浓度，故可推知共同暴露到Cr+Cr时，可能较个别暴露易於经由皮肤吸收而进入到体内。

Elegans were significantly decreased after exposure to ENIs（p.05）; also the brood size and the lifespan of C. elegans were significantly reduced after exposure to ENIs（p.05）. Moreover, after exposure to ENIs, the lifespan of mev-1 mutant hermaphrodites was shorter than that of wild type（p.05）, indicating that mev-1 gene mutant could result in more sensitivity of the mutant hermaphrodites to ENIs exposure than the wild type.

结果表明：空气负离子暴露可显著加速野生型和mev-1突变型线虫发育（p.05），缩短寿命（p.05），与野生型相比，空气负离子暴露对mev-1突变线虫寿命影响更大（p.05）；空气负离子暴露可显著降低线虫后代数量（p.05），原因可能在于空气负离子暴露显著诱导性腺细胞凋亡的增加（p.05）。

Lower toxicity or higher toxicity from mixtures than the expected depends on their constituents and potencies. It is very likely that the workers could be exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide, methyl ethyl ketone, and toluene in the occupational environments simultaneously.

在职场环境中极易同时暴露到二甲基甲醯胺、丁酮与甲苯，本研究主要目的是探讨共同暴露丁酮与甲苯不同浓度时，对於DMF暴露生物指标即尿中DMF 与尿中NMF 的影响，及探讨DMF混合暴露下对MEK生物侦测的影响。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。