暴雨

The results showed that erectness of coupling pattern between upper-layer jet and low jet and a divergence area, which came forth in right of upper-layer jet provide favorable surrounding conditions. The most intensive moisture convergence, the strongest ascending movement and the most instable convection stratification all occurred in the rainfall center. The rainstorm occurred at the warm and wet side of the negative value center of the moist potential vorticity and relative MPV, which had certain indicative significance for the forecast of rainstorm areas.

结果表明：高低空急流的优势配置，耦合形势的建立以及高空急流右侧的强辐散场的存在为暴雨的发生提供了有利的环境条件；暴雨区中上升运动和水汽辐合均大于周围区域，中低层为对流不稳定层结；暴雨区位于湿位涡和湿相对位涡负值中心附近偏暖湿气流一侧，对暴雨落区预报有一定的指示意义。

And the perfect Q-vector was applied to diagnose a heary rain process for August 3～5, 1996. The results showed that there were more advantageous using the perfect Q-vector, and suggested that the perfect Q-vector could clearly reveal the system development of the heary rain; the divergence center or line, the divergence field and the frontogenesis function field of the perfect Q-vector could be used to locate the heary rain area; the center magnitudes of the perfect Q-vector divergence field and the frontogenesis function field could be signified the intensity of the heary rain.

结果表明，完全Q矢量能较清楚地揭示暴雨天气系统的演变；考虑了湿过程的完全Q矢量在暴雨的诊断过程中显示了其更大的优越性；定性而言，完全Q矢量散度的辐合中心或辐合线、散度场和锋生函数场有助于确定暴雨的落区，暴雨区正好落在低层完全Q矢量散度场辐合中心和锋生函数场正值中心之间；定量而言，低层完全Q矢量散度场辐合中心和锋生函数场正值中心大小对暴雨强度有显著的指示作用。

The study probe into at when extreme rainfall happenning incident research purpose department on city, estimate its flow of flood crest to defend and provide disaster relief the reference carried on the exercise of in follow-up ; While estimating the the depth of extreme rainfall , use separately: World Meteological Organization statistic method, storm transposition and dew point adjustment method and average recurrence interval rainfall depth factor method, inquire into and act as river valley wutu the upper reaches of Keelung and collect in the water area separately, wutu station with flood-diversion stands in the Huo-Shao-Liao station before Yuan-Shan-Tzu flood-diversion, the depth when the extreme rainfall happens separately, step forward and mix the set of design hyetograph by extreme rainfall ,finally,mix geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph afterwards, in order to estimate the flow of flood crest produced cause by extreme rainfall incident .

本文之研究目的系探讨当极端暴雨事件发生於都会区时，推估其洪峰流量以作为后续防救灾演练之参考。在推估极端暴雨之降雨深度时，分别采用：世界气象组织统计法、暴雨移置与露点调整法及平均重现期距雨量因子法，分别推求当基隆河流域五堵上游集水区，员山子分洪前之火烧寮站与分洪后之五堵站，分别发生极端暴雨时之雨量，进一步将极端暴雨量套配设计雨型，最后再搭配地貌型瞬时单位历线模式，以推估因发生极端暴雨事件而产生之洪峰流量。

Based on the analysis of potential vorticity and elements on isentropic surface about the typhoon 9608 and its heavy rain outside, the study is to show the PV structure and the interaction with midlatitude weather systems. It shows the feature of severe rainstorm dynamic and thermodynamic process. A picture about the process of heavy rain amplification is given.

通过对9608号台风低压及其外围暴雨位涡和等熵面上物理量场的分析，揭示了台风低压北上诱发暴雨过程的位涡场的结构及冷空气对暴雨增幅的作用，给出此次暴雨增幅过程的图像。

The rainstorm process is a complex and stochastic multi-dimensional process.A correlation exists between the maximal annual period-storm and the rainfall duration,with overlooking many factors,the parameterwill not be a constant.Since 1980s,heavy rain and flood of small basins can be calculated by auto-recording rainfall observation system,and 20-year's self-recording rainfall data can improve the calculation accuraey.

暴雨过程是一个复杂的多维随机过程，年最大时段暴雨xt，p与暴雨历时t的暴雨公式属于经验相关关系，忽略了不少影响因素，因此，公式中参数n值不会是稳定不变的。20世纪80年代以后，随着自记雨量观测应用，到目前已经有20多年的资料系列，小流域暴雨设计的计算就可以直接利用时段实测降水资料系列进行计算，设计洪水时，可根据实测雨量时段资料，计算该设计流域的n值，可提高计算精度。

From the several rain storms with different scales,we analyzed the methods of issuing rain storm signal,and the usage of short-term weather forecast and the information of satellite、radar and AWS in issuing rain storm signal in this paper,and got a conducive experience from it.

本文通过对这几次不同量级的暴雨过程中暴雨信号发布情况以及短期天气预报和云图、雷达和自动站等中尺度资料在暴雨预警信号发布中所发挥作用的分析，总结发布暴雨信号的发布思路；并得到十分有益的经验。

It is also revealed that in the vicinity of heavy rain, the diagnostic fields such as vorticity and divergence at low levels was coordinated to that at high levels of atmosphere, contributing to the sustaining strong updraft, one of the favorable conditions for occurrence and persistence of the rain.

通过对这次过程中的物理量场的特征分析和能量场的分析发现，在暴雨区附近，涡度、散度等物理量场的高低空配置，有利于维持较强的垂直速度，对暴雨的产生和维持有利：低空急流的存在为暴雨提供了充沛的水汽条件；暴雨区维持的一个高能、饱和、潜在不稳定的环境为暴雨的产生提供了不稳定的能量条件。

They note that foolding洪灾 heavy rains暴雨 and wormer temperature are linked连接 to the spread of bacterial , viruses and other organism.

科学家也预测到，气候边暖会带领加拿大食物中疾病的增加，他们说明洪灾暴雨和温度变暖与细菌病毒以及其他的组织有关。

Study of the causes of MCS intensification and rainstorm shows that( 1) just before the heavy rains occur, there are high temperature, considerably wetness and unsteady convective stratification in the air over the rainstorm-hit area, in addition to significant increase in convectively efficient potential energy, condensation height and decrease in the height of free convection – all these favor the happening of the heavy rain,(2) the mergence of meso-βcloud clusters leads to the MCS such fast growth as to produce rainstorm,( 3) the two lines of cumuli in the north and west correspond, separately, to two convergences on the surface wind field, with stronger convergence at their meeting point responsible for such intense development of meso-βcloud cluster as to bring about torrential rains.

分析MCS加强和产生暴雨的原因表明，首先，暴雨发生前夕暴雨区域具有高温、高湿和对流性不稳定层结，并存在明显的对流有效位能增加、抬升凝结高度及自由对流高度降低的现象，有利于暴雨发生。第二，β中尺度云团之间的合并，使MCS迅速增长，产生暴雨。第三，北、西两条积云线分别与地面风场中的两条辐合线相对应，在它们交汇处的较强辐合导致β中尺度云团强烈发展产生暴雨。

However, the latter more complicated, contrasted between radar data and routine observatory data. It can be seen that the classification of the storm rainfall echo according to 850hPa effective system is more ideal, the storm rainfall echo is classified into storm rainfall of trough and storm rainfall of shear line, while storm rainfall of shear line includes storm rainfall of warm shear line and storm rainfall of cold shear line, and their radar echo features are investigated. It is shown that different storm rainfall style is distinct clearly on the echo structure and feature.

而伴有低空急流暴雨的回波特征较复杂，通过对雷达资料及常规观测资料的对比分析，发现利用850hPa的影响系统对暴雨回波分类比较理想，将暴雨过程分成低槽暴雨和切变线暴雨回波两类，切变线暴雨又可以分为冷式切变线暴雨和暖式切变线暴雨，分别分析、研究了不同类型暴雨的多普勒天气雷达回波特征，结果表明不同类型暴雨的回波结构和特征具有明显的区别。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了