晶粒

The flow stress was evaluated from the average dislocation density of the matrix and all the R-grains.

利用该模型可得到整个热加工过程流变应力变化，晶粒的形态、晶粒取向和大小及分布。

Electrons can be easily injected from thegraphitic matrix into the conduction rand of diamond under the high field which resultedfrom the projection field enhancemext.These injected electrons could reach the vacuumsurface and then emit into vacuum where the negative electron affinity or low electronaffinity could allow the electrons to re emitted more easily.

由于场增强效应，对镶嵌在非晶碳颗粒表面的金刚石晶粒来说，电子在高场作用下通过隧道效应越过金刚石晶粒与非晶碳形成的界面势垒，注入金刚石的导带，在电场的作用下迁移到表面，由于某些金刚石表面具有负电子亲和势或较小的正电子亲和势，电子较易发射进入真空。

It was also found that the film of smaller grains corresponded to a smaller lattice constant of the garnet structure, which implied that fewer Bi〓 ions substituted into the dodecahedral sites in the garnet, due to the fact that the smaller grains resulted in more grain boundaries, thus leading to more serious Bi segregation in the grain boundaries.

分析表明，细小的晶粒意味着薄膜中含有更多的晶界，这样将导致Bi组分在晶界上的偏析较显著，而进入石榴石结构中氧十二面体间隙的Bi〓较少，对于Bi，Al∶DyIG来说，石榴石相晶格常数与{Bi〓}〓呈正相关关系，由此可以解释具有细小晶粒的薄膜对应较小的石榴石相晶格常数。

The derived activation energies for both grain-boundary and surface diffusion are obtained from the Cu drift velocity under EM stressing.

对於线宽大於1微米时，主要的晶粒边界扩散的活化能大约比起表面和晶粒边界扩散的活化能高0.2 eV。

The results show that, after treated with microwave radiation, the surface free energy of the powder is enhanced from 39.6mJm^(-2) to 41.8mJm^(-2), This is mainly caused by the rearrangement of electric charges on the grain crystal surface, and this phenomenon is coincident with the theory of electron transition caused by energy band splitting of the grain crystal surface.

测定结果显示微波辐射后硫酸钙粉末的表面自由能得到提高，从39.6mJm^(-2)增加到41.8mJm^(-2)，其主要原因是使硫酸钙表面能的极性成分得到了较大的提高。这一结果归于微波幅射引起晶粒表面的电荷重排，与晶粒表面能带分裂引起的电子跃迁理论是相吻合的。

Another point is that the void ellipticity as a shape parameter is contained in this constitutive equation to consider both the void extension and closing.

其中晶粒度的演化方程是根据动态再结晶和晶粒长大两个物理过程的微观机理建立起相应的细观模型，给出自由能表达式后确定的。

The important role of contour factorization in the 3-dimensional reconstruction of composite is discussed.

在利用小波变换技术和边缘连接技术得到的陶瓷复合材料晶粒闭合边缘的基础上，根据晶粒轮廓的特点，研究了其特征型值点的合理提取方法。

The testing results showed that the optimal reduction conditions are 1320℃ for 120 min and the proportional mass fractions of activated carbon powder and the additive A are 3% and 5%, respectively. The additive A accelerates the aggregation of metallic grains so as to make the enriched metallic grains easier for magnetic separation. The mass fraction of maximum nickel in ferronickel alloy and nickel recovery in the laterite-nickel ore are 8.31% and 95.44%, respectively. Metallic nickel is thus enriched.

研究结果表明，最佳反应条件：还原温度为1320℃，还原时间为120min，还原剂与添加剂的质量分数分别为3%及5%；添加剂可促进金属晶粒的聚集，富集的金属晶粒更易于磁选分离；还原产品镍铁合金中镍的质量分数可达8.31%，矿石中镍的回收率可达95.44%，金属镍得到了富集。

The apatite with end-member cations, the apatite solid solutions [M-M1 AP] withdivalent cations substitution, the fluorapatite and the chlorapatite with end-memberations, the apatite solid solutions [Xi-X2 AP] with column-ions substitution were synthesizedthrough " solid-phase reaction method" in inert gas.

对不同Ca/P摩尔比HAP来说，在1.2≤R≤2.3范围内，随R值偏离正常配比程度的增大，其比表面积增大、晶粒尺寸ΓA，Γ(221，ΓR减小、晶形指数降低、结晶度减小、晶格缺陷度增大；当R=2.5时，晶粒尺寸和结晶度反而增大，出现反常，但晶格缺陷度却保持有规律增加。

Calculation results indicate that the total energy increases when oleic acid is on the surfaces of (001) and (100) of gibbsite respectively. This can explain that the stability of systems decrease when there is some oleic acid on the surface of gibbsite. The calculation results of equilibrium morphology and growth habit show that the volume of growth crystal is larger when some oleic acids with "horizontal" mode exist on the surfaces (001) and (100) of gibbsite.

计算结果表明：油酸接近氢氧化铝(001)和(100)表面时，体系总能量升高，说明油酸的存在可降低体系的稳定性；油酸在氢氧化铝(001)和(100)表面上时，油酸分子呈"卧"式时，长大后晶粒体积大于无杂质存在的情况，而油酸分子呈"立"式时，长大后体积小于无杂质时晶粒的体积。

Fancy gold-plated dangling earrings with facetted White Opal crystals.

花式镀金悬垂耳环与facetted白欧泊水晶。

This essay chooses the study aim from biology teachers in middle school in Shi Jiazhuang which tells us that most of the middle school biology teachers in Shi Jiazhuang have the"burnout", lower successfulness, individualize.

本文选取石家庄市初中生物教师作为研究对象，运用问卷调查的方法对石家庄市初中生物教师职业倦怠的现状进行调查，调查结果发现，石家庄市初中生物教师这一群体普遍存在职业倦怠，情感枯竭程度偏高，成就感偏低，去个性化程度最为严重。