晶粒

Based on expansion of ODF in series of Generalized Spherical Harmonics by Bunge, we design programming in Orientation Distribution Function for polycrystal which contained five thousands crystals based on increment arithmetic of Voronoi. Geometrical data information, ODF of every crystal in polycrysal are imported to Open Graphics Library to draw, that means we implement visualization of ODF for every crystal in polycrystal.

主要针对具有立方结构的多晶体材料，采用Bunge级数展开法模型计算取向分布函数的理论模型，利用C语言在VC++环境下对ODF值进行了计算，并以Voronoi增量算法为基础生成包含有5000个晶粒的多晶体材料各晶粒的几何数据信息，与计算得到的ODF值一起导入OpenGL进行可视化处理，直观显示了多晶体材料中ODF值在各晶粒内的分布。

Seven experimental Monel K-500 alloy were prepared with various addition schemes. The microstructures of seven experimental alloys in hot roll condition were examined, which showed no obviously difference. However, after solution treatment, the grains of the Mg added 2〓 alloy grew apparently, which are much bigger than the grain size of standard Monel K-500 alloy with no additive. It implies that the minor Mg element had purified the grain boundary.

7种合金在轧制状态时的显微组织并无明显的差别，但经固溶热处理后，加Mg的2〓合金的晶粒明显长大，大于未加微量元素的MonelK-500合金的晶粒，显示Mg在合金中有净化晶界的作用，但同时添加了Mg、Cr、Co元素的6〓合金，它们的共同作用使晶粒长大的阻力又增加了。

The results showed that for 2Y-TZP materials, because of low stabilizer content and small critical transformation size, more tetragonal zirconia could change into monoclinal, better effect of transformation toughening operated, hence higher fracture toughness was obtained.

晶粒尺寸、稳定剂含量对氧化锆陶瓷相变增韧效果具有重要的影响。2Y-TZP材料由于稳定剂含量低，临界相变尺寸也小，在低温烧结条件得到细晶粒情况下，断裂过程中有更多的晶粒达到或超过临界相变尺寸，因而具有更高的断裂韧性。

The microcrystalline strengthening effect is obvious, due to the sample with fine grain size that was wintered at low temperature and owned good bending strength. At the same time, also due to fine grain sizes, only less tetragonal zirconia grain that their sizes exceeded critical phase transformation size and could change into monoclinal phase when suffering stress, indistinct effect of transformation toughening operated, hence lower fracture toughness was obtained.

由于其晶粒尺寸较小，细晶强化的效果非常明显，因此，材料具有较高的抗弯强度；同时，由于晶粒小，只有一部分晶粒可以达到临界相变尺寸，相变增韧的效果不明显，因此试样的断裂韧性较低。

With the increasing of film thickness, grains initially undergo nucleate, normal grain growth and then abnormal grain growth, in which microstructure of film would evolve.

随着厚度的增加，薄膜晶粒要经历成核、正常晶粒生长和反常晶粒生长过程，在不同的过程中Au膜呈现出不同的表面形貌。

In order to improve present Monte Carlo methods, method changing the node to optimistical orientation corresponding to the system having the lowest energy was proposed, which ensures the grain boundary moving to its curvature center. The new method avoided re-nucleation, and increased simulation efficiency, and made the simulation process more approaching the physics foundation of grain growth. The results show that the grain growth exponent, n=0.478, is close to its theoretic value, and the topological structure accorded with the normal grain growth of the real material.

简要回顾了晶粒长大理论并分析了现有Monte Carlo模拟方法的不足，提出了一个"择优转换"方法，确保节点转换时晶界向其曲率中心移动，以致模拟过程更接近物理基础，避免了重新形核的发生，使模拟效率大大提高，模拟的晶粒长大指数达到0.478，已接近理论值，组织形貌和实际材料正常晶粒长大组织基本一致。

It is because of the small rate constant of crystal growth that the crystal growth is irreversible reaction when nuclei appear in the supersaturation solution.

原因是晶粒长大的速率常数很小，过饱和溶液中一旦有晶核生成，就开始进入不可逆的晶粒长大过程，即溶液中晶粒长大的条件是有晶核的存在，而温度、阻垢剂对之影响甚微。

Compared with conventional rolling,yield stress and ultimate tensile stress in the annealed DSRed AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet were almost the same to the conventional rolling,while the room elongation of annealed DSRed AZ31 magnesium sheet was improved.

非对称热挤压制备的AZ31镁合金板材厚度方向上存在晶粒尺寸梯度，上表层平均晶粒尺寸最小2.50μm下表层最大(3.67μm中间层晶粒尺寸介于两者之间(3.13μm)。

In this paper, several texture techniques, such as hot processing, oriented consolidation of anisometric particles, templated grain growth, reactive templated grain growth and multi-layer grain growth techniques, and along with their development and applications to Lead-free piezoceramics, are reviewed.

本文综述了几种常用的织构化工艺，包括热处理技术、非等轴粒子取向固化技术、模板晶粒生长技术、反应模板晶粒生长技术和多层晶粒生长法的发展与应用，并详细讨论了每一种工艺对陶瓷微结构和织构化生长机制的影响。

The grains of semi-solid billet isothermally reheated over liquidus temperatures 640 and 650 ℃ are much finer than those at solidus-liquidus zone temperatures 620 and 630 ℃, but the spheroidization degree is slightly lower.

组织演变机理分析表明，提高等温温度，液相形成速度加快导致晶粒合并受到一定的抑制是晶粒细化的主要原因，而保温时间的缩短则是晶粒球化程度降低的原因。

Fancy gold-plated dangling earrings with facetted White Opal crystals.

花式镀金悬垂耳环与facetted白欧泊水晶。

This essay chooses the study aim from biology teachers in middle school in Shi Jiazhuang which tells us that most of the middle school biology teachers in Shi Jiazhuang have the"burnout", lower successfulness, individualize.

本文选取石家庄市初中生物教师作为研究对象，运用问卷调查的方法对石家庄市初中生物教师职业倦怠的现状进行调查，调查结果发现，石家庄市初中生物教师这一群体普遍存在职业倦怠，情感枯竭程度偏高，成就感偏低，去个性化程度最为严重。