景观

After having reviewed, analyzed and discussed the history and advances of research on theories and methods of landscape classification between our country and others, based on the basic theories, principles and foundations, The paper combined the current situations and characteristics of the rural landscape of our country, put forward a kind of method of rural landscape classification named the method of functional and configurational classification which served rural landscape planning of small scale.

本文总结了国内外景观分类理论与方法的发展现状，分析了目前景观分类中的优缺点，结合我国乡村景观的现状和特点，运用乡村景观分类的基本理论，依据乡村景观分类的原则和依据，提出了一种基于小尺度的服务于乡村景观规划的乡村景观分类方法，即乡村景观功能形态分类法。

Based on the understanding and interpretation of terms like landscape, landscape planning, ecological planning, and landscape ecological planning, this paper made a deep analysis on aspects of landscape planning in Netherlands, which is the pioneer of landscape ecological planning, from the perspectives of management system of landscape planning, landscape perception of Netherlander, features of types of landscape, landscape assessment, and landscape system.

荷兰是世界景观生态规划的先行者和领导者，本文在对景观、景观规划、生态规划、景观生态规划几个词进行辨析的基础上，首先介绍了荷兰的自然地理环境，进而对荷兰的景观现状、景观规划管理体系、荷兰人的景观感知、各种景观的特点、景观价值的评估以及景观系统进行分析，以此来解读荷兰景观生态规划的种种特点。

The main study areas are as follows: 1 The landscape classification system of the urban-rural ecotone is set up based on the studying on land-use type of urban area and rural area, and then it is used to establish a regional landscape data warehouse for deposition, modification and management; 2 A group of landscape structure and pattern indices and patch area spectrum analysis methods are used to describe the structural and heterogeneous characters of all the landscape elements from different aspects; 3 The temporal and spatial difference of the landscape pattern of main road belts of the research area are also analyzed with the same method. Their basic process and regularity of urban axial expanding of the southwestward of Shanghai City are initially knewn well; 4 According to the traits of the ecotone, the principles and basis of vegetation classification, the ecotone vegetation classification system is set up, its species constitute, community patch characters, the relationship between vegetation types and landscape categories are analyzed, meanwhile, the vegetation sample maps are made; 5 Based on above studies, some landscape ecological stratedies within the research area were discussed. The following are the results of this study

城乡交错带地区的景观分类，在对城市地区和农村地区的土地利用类型研究的基础上建立了城乡交错带的分类体系，并在此基础上用ARC＼INFO软件分时段、分区、分要素建立研究区的景观图形数据库，对数据进行存储、修改和管理；2）利用多种景观结构、格局指数和斑块面积谱分析方法，从不同的侧面对各种景观组分的结构以及区域的景观格局特征进行了分析，并对其成因进行了探讨；3）利用相同的分析方法，分析了城乡交错带中的城市干道两侧的景观格局特征的空间和时间分异情况，初步掌握上海城市西南轴向扩张的基本过程和规律；4）对城乡交错带中非独立的景观要素-植被，研究其遥感图象信息的基本特征，建立适合区域特点的植被分类体系，并在样区中建立了植被图形数据库和计算机制图，分析了植被景观种类组成、斑块等级等特征以及与不同景观的相互关系；5）在上述研究的基础上，对研究区内的景观生态对策进行了研究。

Beijing is provided with typical urban landscape, forest land is the maximal and basal landscape patch type (area proportion 42.534%), glebe field (28.754%),spinney land and urban (26.912%) and town residential landuse (10.344%) are main landscape patch categories in Beijing. From landscape, landscape patch types and landscape patch categories levels, landscape patch distributing centralize, and patch shape is simple, main landscape patch fractal dimension indexes are under 1.1, so urban landscape pattern is high influenced by human disturbance.2. From 1985 to 2007, Beijing landscape pattern variational characteristics are as follows:(1) During 1985-2007, patch types and categories change is little, but area and patch number of patch types and categories change distinctly. Town residential landuse area increased 7.66% of Beijing total area, farmland and forest land area decrease in the mass. The total patch number increased at first then decreased. taking one with another, the total number is decreasing, and patch number of farmland and forest land are most distinct.

本研究的主要研究结果如下：1、北京市具有典型的城市景观特征，林地用地的面积占市域面积的42.534%，为基质景观斑块类型，旱田(28.754%)、灌木林(26.912%)、城镇用地(10.344%)是北京市主要景观斑块种类；从景观、景观斑块类型以及景观斑块三个层次的研究均表现出北京市各景观斑块类型及景观斑块集中分布的现象十分突出，斑块形状简单，主要景观斑块种类的景观分维度指数值均不足1.1，表明城市景观格局受到了较大的人为影响。2、北京市1985-2007年间城市景观格局的主要变化特征表现为以下几个方面：(1)在研究时段内，北京市景观斑块种类变化不大，景观组分面积和斑块数变化明显，其中最为显著的是北京市城镇建设用地面积呈单纯的增加趋势，增加幅度为北京市总面积的7.66%，农业用地与林地的面积虽呈波动变化但总体呈减少趋势；景观斑块数量先增后降，总体呈下降趋势，其中耕地与林地斑块数的变化最为明显。

Next,this investigation found on literature and autoptical,taking pavement technique of square space,street space,waterfront,park space etc.as research target. We selected classical cases to investigate the influence of pavement technique to landscape space distribution,space sequence,axes line construct and visual guide.The author clarified the influence of pavement texture,color,figuration,scale and borderline to landscape space order in special landscape space.Then summarized three basic pavement design techniques that be applicable to modern landscape design and construct landscape space order.

其次在研究文献和实地调查的基础上，以广场空间、街道空间、滨水空间、景区等景观空间的展装手法作为研究对象，选取经典案例，通过研究展装设计手法对景观空间整体布局、空间序列组织、轴线塑造及视觉引导等方面对于景观空间秩序的影响，阐明在具体景观空间中展装材质、展装色彩、展装构型、展装标准、展装边界等要素的组织和对景观空间秩序的影响，进而回结出适用于当代景观设计并能够营造景观空间秩序的三种基本展装设计手法，及其在各类景观空间中的具体应用。

Firstly, the scenery characteristic of the riverside region is summarized, history retrospect, and the nature of this research field objectively and historically grasped. Secondly, an extensive analysis on the three major problems of the status of riverside nightscape, including the bioecological problem, the social problem and the economical, also sustainable developmental problem, is performed. Finally, the solution to these problems is derived from analysis, which consists of six major aspects, i.e. civil planning strategy, architectural nightscape strategy, nightscape strategy on the square, nightscape strategy of the business street, roadway nightscape strategy and greenbelt scenery strategy.

首先通过对滨江地带景观特色的总结、历史沿革的回顾，获得对研究领域的较客观的、历史的把握；其次重点分析当前的滨江地带也就是汉口江滩地带夜景观的现状问题，这些问题主要分为生态环境问题、社会问题与经济发展问题三个主要方面；最后以分析的结果总结出解决以上问题的夜景观设计策略，这些策略主要分为滨江地带夜景观的规划设计策略、建筑物的夜景观策略、广场的夜景观策略、商业街的夜景观策略、道路和桥梁的夜景观策略与绿地的夜景观策略六个主要方面。

According to landscape ecology, in accordance with the theory of urban planning, ecology and landscape, and based on qualitative and quantitative analysis, the paper firstly analyses landscape ecological construction indicators about green space such as landscape composition, landscape diversity index, landscape dominance index, landscape evenness index, landscape fragmentized degree, landscape corridor density, and public green plot area etc., and start the research of landscape ecological construction of green space system in Zhengzhou.

本文从景观生态学出发，结合城市规划、生态学、园林学等学科理论，采用定性分析与定量分析相结合方法，初次分析了郑州市绿地景观构成、绿地景观多样性指数、绿地景观优势度指数、绿地景观均匀度指数、绿地景观破碎度、绿地景观廊道密度及公共绿地斑块面积等景观生态建设指标，开启了郑州市绿地景观生态建设方面的研究工作。

On the landscape level, the regional landscape heterogeneity is increased and the connectivity reduced, which presents the increase of Shannon's diversity index and Evenness Index, decrease of dominance index and increase of fragmentation index. On the class level, it shows that human disturbance on landscape is intense during the past five years, anti the disturbance to artificial landscape mote intense luau that on semi-natural landscape, which means that the fragmentation index of semi-natural landscape is relatively smaller while that of the artificial landscape is larger.

从景观水平上看，区域景观异质性在增大，景观斑块的连通性降低，表现为多样性指数和均匀度指数呈增加，优势度指数减小；从类型水平上看，5年间人类对景观的干预程度较大，对人工景观的干扰强于半自然景观，体现在半自然景观类型的分离度较小，而人工景观类型的分离度较大。

According to these data, through making reference to various materials and consulting experts, applying the principle of landscape ecology, urban ecology, urbanology, urban planning and statistical analysis, taking the ur...

根据此数据，结合资料查阅、专家咨询，运用景观生态学、城市生态学、城市学、城市规划、统计分析的原理，以义乌市2003年形成的城市环线内的城市景观为对象，研究城市化主导的城市景观结构演变机制，其结果如下：(1)自然景观逐年下降，半自然半人工景观急剧减少，人工景观快速增加。1996—2005年的9年间，自然景观减少了145.58hm~2，年变化率2.05％，占研究区的百分比从8.95％下降到7.30％；半自然半人工景观减少了3545.32hm~2，变化量超过了1996年一半，年变化率6.17％，占研究区的百分比从72.33％下降到32.17％；人工景观增加了3690.89hm~2，年变化率24.82％，占研究区的百分比从18.72％上升到60.53％。

Through investigating,screening langdscape factores which the area of research, We can evaluate highway landscape quality from 3 facets: highway own landscape, highway two sides background landscape, highway two sides human landscape and establishes evaluation system, standards, then using AHP, fuzzy mathematics, public-opinion poll methods to contrast assessment, found out issues, then take some advice and measures in order to providing recovery technology and design basis, coordinating highway and transportation with ecology landscape, planning the along the route traveling economy, Promoting the highway and the traveling, the resources, the environmental protection coordinated development.

通过对研究路域景观要素进行调查、筛选研究，拟定3个方面：即公路自身景观、公路两侧自然景观、公路两侧人文景观对公路景观进行评价、并建立公路景观评价体系，制定评价标准，利用AHP法、模糊数学法、民意测验法对公路景观进行对比评价分析，找出景观存在的问题，提出景观恢复的意见及其措施，为解决公路生态景观恢复和公路景观设计提供现实的科学依据，协调好公路交通与生态景观的关系，规划好沿线的旅游经济，促进公路与旅游、资源、坏境保护协调发展。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了