普遍主义

Connectionism can prove the universalness of universal grammar.

联结主义支持普遍语法理论在二语学习中的可及性。

However, during New Trend '85, Gu Wenda differentiated himself from most artists of Chinese Painting of the time and showed his contemporary consciousness by experimenting on traditional ink painting materials and techniques. This brought out a new possibility for the contemporaneity of Chinese Painting. Since then, unremitting efforts have been made to "modernize" Chinese Painting through traditional abstract elements like ink-wash and Calligraphy. These efforts streamed into a new trend called "modern ink"(or "abstract ink","experimental ink") in late 1980's, though seemed not widely acknowledged for its resemblance to Abstract Expressionism of 1960's and 1970's American art. What is interesting is that while some artists are endeavoring to "westernize" their art, a new trend grouped as "Neo-literati Painting" appears with very traditional form and mood. This can be explained as a group of people's resistance to the reformation of traditional culture as well as their nostalgia to traditional ideals. However, this school tends to be artificial for the absence of the particular context, and the expression with traditional brushwork is also regionally limited. Of all the efforts of reformation, Chinese Painting that accordingly adopts the tradition heads the list because of the cultural identification of the big number of population and greater market as a result of the economic growth of China. Meanwhile, the immense conservative inertia of traditional Chinese culture can also be detected.

在"现代艺术"风起云涌的"85新潮"中，谷文达以传统水墨的材料和方法表达出不同于当时大多数中国画艺术家们这种文化心态和文化认知的现代意识，为中国画的现代性提供了一种方案；以水墨、还有选择中国传统书法的抽象因素等可能来进行现代性探索，一直是中国画连绵的努力，在80年代后期汇聚成"现代水墨"（又或曰"抽象水墨"、"实验水墨"），是中国画的又一流向，但是不是没有脱离60、70年代美国的"抽象主义"意义，反而还有了拾人牙慧之嫌，所以始终难以获得更大的认可和成功；很有趣的是，与此"西化"流向同时的，还有以非常传统的方式出现的"新文人画"潮流，或许可以把这看着是部分中国文化人在中国以西方为参照的新文化背景下对之的抵制，对传统理想的怀念和诉求，但由于已经失去了其语境和环境，"新文人画"显得娇情和造作，而且这种以非常地域化的传统笔墨语言来表现的方式也失去了更为普遍化的可能；反而是延续传统一脉的国画，由于有巨大的人数基础的本土文化的认同，在中国经济发展后有了更大的市场，所以还是蔚然为中国画的一大潮向，从这也可以看到中国文化承传的保守性的力量。

Coming to maturity at a stage of human history when even the most devout adherents of any universal religion were inescapably confronted with the living pluralism of such religions, and the allomorphism between each faith\'s ontological claims and territorial stretch, nations dream of being free, and, if under God, directly so.

民族发展臻于成熟之时，人类史刚好步入一个阶段，在这个阶段里，即使是普遍宗教最虔诚的追随者，也不可避免地被迫要面对生机勃郁的宗教多元主义，并且每一个信仰的本体论主张与它所支配的领土范围之间也有不一致的现实。民族于是梦想着成为自由的，并且，如果是在上帝管辖下，直接的自由。

In recent years, fundamentalist Christian groups in the United States have declared their opposition to "secular humanism," an antireligious ideology that they believe pervades American society, including the major churches, and that they blame for its moral failings.

近年来，原教旨主义的基督教团体在美国已宣布他们反对&世俗人文主义，&一个antireligious思想，他们认为美国社会普遍存在，包括主要的教会，他们指责其道义上的失误。

The swift and violent development of the modern science and technology makes western societies generally enter consumption society, The consumption society supports the goods going to aesthetic and aesthetic going to goods at the same time,all of this has created unprecedented democratic era of arts and aesthetics, on the other hand even enable the most important aesthetic target --Art ,suffering all kinds of economical bulling and losing elite characters and self-disciplining,especially because consumerism stresses the artistic works whether having symbol value ,whether using marketing technology,and whether concerning to economy reciprocate.The pop art have became the mainstream of the art form of our time.

现代科学技术的迅猛发展使西方社会普遍进入消费社会，消费社会同时支持商品的审美化与审美的商品化，这一方面创造了前所未有的艺术、审美之民主时代，另一方面也使最重要的审美对象——艺术，受尽经济霸权主义的欺凌而丧失了精英性与自律性，特别是消费主义讲究艺术商品对符号价值的追求、对营销技术的使用、对经济回报的关注，使得流行艺术成为时代艺术形式之主流，从前那个只关心艺术作品之艺术性的美学传统已经被既关注艺术性又关注消费性的&新美学原则&代替。

For the most part white feminists and feminism in general tend to think that the suffering of women is the over-riding oppression of all time, trumping racism, ethnic cleansing, classism.

对於大多数白人女权主义者和女权主义普遍倾向於认为妇女的痛苦，是压倒一切的压迫所有的时间，大块的种族主义，种族清洗，阶级。

Historically in the communist movement, economism has meant focusing the attention of the working class on its own immediate conditions and struggles as the "most widely applicable means" of winning them, some day, to socialism and communism—an approach which Lenin thoroughly exposed and refuted in his famous work What Is To Be Done?

产生于19世纪末。认为无产阶级的主要任务是进行经济斗争，反对进行推翻资产阶级制度的斗争，否认建立统一的马克思主义政党的必要性。&—百度百科）。在共产主义运动的历史上，经济主义意味着把工人阶级的关心重点集中在眼前的经济利益和斗争之上，把它看作实现自身利益，并在某天实现社会主义和共产主义的&最普遍适用的方式。

On the one hand, the English School inherits most of Grotianist stands, especially his rationalist thinking methods and his rationalist concepts of international society. On the other hand,the English School has discarded Grotian ways of determining regulations of international society on universal principles of national law. They insist instead on a set of international regulations agreed on by all states as basis to determine the regulations of international society.

一方面，英国学派继承了格劳秀斯主义的大部分主张，特别是其理性主义的思想方法和国际社会概念；另一方面，英国学派摒弃了格劳秀斯基于普遍的自然法原则来确定国际社会规则的做法，坚持根据源自国家同意的国际法的一套规则作为确定国际社会规则的依据。

The more theological and religious form of Liberal Catholicism had its predecessors in Jansenism and Josephinism; it aims at certain reforms in ecclesiastical doctrine and discipline in accordance with the anti-ecclesiastical liberal Protestant theory and atheistical "science and enlightenment" prevailing at the time.

更多的神学和宗教的形式，自由天主教了它的前辈在詹森主义和josephinism ；它的目的是在某些改革，在教会的原则和纪律，按照反教会自由新教理论和无神论的&科学与启示&普遍在时间。

Through the analysis of Ironic value in Rem Koolhaas books and works, and with the comparing to the irony in Postmodern Architecture, I discuss on the meaning of the architecture transformation from public anticipation to private irony, and from moral burden to liberalistic social critics.

本文通过库哈斯的理论与实践，讨论作为个人批评立场与方法的反讽观念在建筑学中的地位和作用，探讨后现代主义以后建筑学从普遍的公共期望中发展出个人反讽，以及从道德负担到自由批评的意义。

It has been put forward that there exists single Ball point and double Ball points on the symmetrical connecting-rod curves of equilateral mechanisms.

从鲍尔点的形成原理出发，分析对称连杆曲线上鲍尔点的产生条件，提出等边机构的对称连杆曲线上有单鲍尔点和双鲍尔点。

The factory affiliated to the Group primarily manufactures multiple-purpose pincers, baking kits, knives, scissors, kitchenware, gardening tools and beauty care kits as well as other hardware tools, the annual production value of which reaches US$ 30 million dollars.

集团所属工厂主要生产多用钳、烤具、刀具、剪刀、厨具、花园工具、美容套等五金产品，年生产总值3000万美元，产品价廉物美、选料上乘、质量保证，深受国内外客户的青睐