普通话

Chapter two is a survey of previous studies on Mandarin reduplication.

第二部分对用生成音系学的理论对普通话的声调变化的研究进行了回顾。

In consonants, there are three characteristics in Chinese: aspirated versus aspirateless, retroflexed versus retroflexless, and front nasal versus back nasal.

在辅音的发音上，普通话有三个特色，一是送气音与不送气音相对，二是平舌音和翘舌音相对，三是前鼻音和后鼻音相对。

Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin romanization system in use.

拼音，更正式的汉语拼音，是最常见的标准普通话拼音系统在使用中。

A similarity between Switzerland and the Pearl River Delta region is multilingualism: while Switzerland's national languages are German, French, Italian, and Romansh, people in Guangdong region speak Cantonese, Putonghua, English, and Portuguese.

瑞士和珠江三角洲同样是多种语言并行的地方：在瑞士，国家语言包括德语、法语、意大利语和罗马尼亚语；而广东一带，有说广东话、普通话的，也有说英语、葡萄牙语的。

In teaching putonghua, the tone sandhi, which doesn't reflect the reality of modern spoken chinese, should be done away with.

对于一条不反映现代汉语口语实际的音变规则，应在普通话教学和训练中予以剔除。

Though he's lived in China for 20 years and speaks Mandarin, Schloss says,"I'm because of my American perspective."

虽然在中国呆了20年而且会讲普通话，但他说："我能在TOM Online谋到职位是因为我的美国背景。"

The study on the Mandarin segmental structure and the syllable structure is central in the thesis.

对普通话的音段结构和音节结构的研究是本文讨论的中心。

The conclusions are as follows:(1) Neologisms in each Huayu region can be classified into two major categories:self-originated and others-originated,among which the new-born words are "absolute new words" and the inherited word are "relative new words",and there are also others-originated elements in the morphemic and sense systems of new words;(2) Variation can be seen in the morpheme,formation,building and sense of new words in Huayu regions,besides individuals of new words;(3) Aggregation of current new words and compound words with one common morpheme and a same construction,together with the aggregation of synonyms and that of different senses in polysemies,reflect the relevance of the systems of new words in Huayu regions in their variation;(4) Regular participation of hinting sense of a formation element in forming and building new words is an important way of producing new sense of morpheme,and an important reason for the current emergence of words with more than one new senses;(5) Compared with ordinary words,the productivity of ways of word formation in forming new words both in general and of a particular class will change and new ways of word formation appear in Huayu regions;(6) The semantic collocation of the verbal morpheme of new verbs in a phrase has a great influence on the location of its structural center,and the complex syntactic behaviors of new verbs are related to the different processes of argument integration;(7) The processes of building new words with the same meaning differ in levels of approaches to motivation cognition,perspectives of motivation cognition,morpheme motivation and morpheme expression,etc.;(8) The lexical interaction in Huayu regions results in lexical subsystem intersections of current new words across two,three and four regions.

本文的主要结论是：(1)各华语区新词均可分为"自源新词"和"他源新词"两大类，其中的新生词和传承词分属"绝对新词"和"相对新词"，新词语的词素、词义系统中也含有他源成分；(2)除词语个体外，华语区新词在词素、构词、造词、词义等方面均体现了某种程度的变异：(3)通用词语聚合、同素同构词聚合、同义异形词聚合与一词多义聚合集中反映了各华语区新词语系统在变异中的关联；(4)构词单位经常提示词义参与构造新词是产生新语素义的重要途径，也是当代多新义词现象的重要成因；(5)相对于一般词语，构词方式在新词语中的总能产性和在某一词类中所体现的能产性都有所变化，华语区也产生了新的构词方式；(6)新动词的动素在短语中的语义搭配对结构核心的位置有很大影响，新动词的复杂句法表现与不同的论元整合过程有关；(7)同义新词造词过程的差异包括理据认知途径、理据认知角度、词素理据和词素表达等不同层面；(8)华语区的词汇互动形成了双区、三区和四区通用新词等词汇子系统交集，作为华语核心，普通话所含纳的通用词语多于各区域变体。

Picture cards were mainly used in the illiterate or semiliterate patients and those who did not understand Putonghua, giving a satisfaction rate of 94.25%. Writing boards were mainly suitable for the educated patients with a satisfaction rate of 84.81%. Bell ringing, as a signal of non-language communication, was especially prepared for the senile and infirm patients, with a satisfaction rate of 97.37%.

结果 手势语适用于各层次患者，满意率为96.02%；图片卡主要适用于文盲或半文盲和听不懂普通话的患者，满意率为94.25%；写字板则主要适用于有一定文化水平的患者，满意率为84.81%；而摇铃主要作为年老体弱患者需要非语言交流的信号，满意率为97.37%。

Just image, when you come to Sunday Mass there is no priest who speaks your language. What can you do? Indeed, right now we don't have in Toronto any seminarian who speaks Cantonese or Mandarin training to become a priest. Please pray devotedly! From now until end of April, in our Holy Mass' Prayer of the Faithful we will use the special "Called by Name" prayer. Other than your prayers, my brothers and sisters in Christ, let's also promote religious vocation work, strengthen the bonds among the ministries of the laity, clergy and fellow volunteers in our midst in order that more young men and women will be moved to consider vocations to priesthood or a religious life.

试想一下，有一主日当你步入此圣堂，发觉这儿没有一位能以华语主持弥撒的神父时，你将会有何感想呢﹖的确，我们能操华语的不论广东话或普通话的神父并不多，而现今更是没有任何华人青年在本地修院接受培育，换句话说﹕我们华人堂区在最近的几年内，没有任何可接班的神父，因此，请大家热心的求吧﹗未来一连四个月，即从现在开始直至四月底，我们在每台弥撒的信友祷文中，将会加念本教区特别编写的〝求圣召—Called by Name〞经文，让我们一同热心的献上诚挚的祈祷，并邀请各位在这圣召活动推广期间多方配合，务求能打动更多的青年男女认真的思考圣召问题。

Breath, muscle contraction of the buttocks; arch body, as far as possible to hold his head, right leg straight towards the ceiling (peg-leg knee in order to avoid muscle tension).

呼气，收缩臀部肌肉；拱起身体，尽量抬起头来，右腿伸直朝向天花板（膝微屈，以避免肌肉紧张）。

The cost of moving grain food products was unchanged from May, but year over year are up 8%.

粮食产品的运输费用与5月份相比没有变化，但却比去年同期高8％。