普通话

Based on＂The Data Bank System of the Standard Phonetic Features of Different Level in PSC＂, the thesis analyzes the variants of affricative versus fricative in syllables: z, c ,s - zh, ch, sh - j, q, x which are obscure in physiology; analyzes timbre phonetic variants aroused from the different match of seven main simple vowels and initials as well as the tonal patterns with the help of drawing the synthetic spectrograph and pitch spectrograph. So that the data can be offered to describe phonemes in 396 syllables in common use according to the acoustic analysis.

本文在"普通话水平测试各等级标准语言特征数据库系统"的支持下，通过制作396个常用音节语音样本的音高图和综合语图，考察在普通话教学和测试中从生理角度难以准确把握的一组仅有细微差异的塞擦音和擦音声母z、c、s-zh、ch、sh-j、q、x在音节拼合中的变体；考察7个主要单元音在与不同声母拼合构成的音节中音质上的变化模式；考察四个声调的变化形式，力图从语音声学物理特征角度的分析中为普通话常用音节音位语音规范度的描写提供客观的数据说明。

In this article we compared articulation of phoneme in English and Chinese, and summarized the differences between them.

本文通过比较英语和汉语普通话语音音位在构音上的差别，总结出在言语矫治中英语和普通话系统中的不同及各自的侧重点。

This article mainly introduced Ningyuan's geographical position, in the county boundary the dialect atlas situation, separately from aspects and so on noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition and classifier showed its characteristic and pointed out the example to come to compare, has utilized the comparison test, through the Ningyuan dialect and the standard spoken Chinese comparison, the investigation and study, discovered that the Ningyuan dialect and the standard spoken Chinese in the glossary difference, introduced the Ningyuan dialect glossary the general picture, showed in the Ningyuan dialect glossary some characteristics, the discussion dialect glossary and the dialect glossary research work important meaning

本文主要介绍了宁远的地理位置、县境内方言分布情况，分别从名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词和量词等方面说明其特点并举出实例来加以比较，运用了比较法，通过宁远方言与普通话比较、调查研究，发现宁远方言与普通话在词汇上的差别，来介绍宁远方言词汇的概貌，说明宁远方言词汇上的一些特点，讨论方言词汇及方言词汇调查研究工作的重要意义。

This phenomena make it difficult to improve the efficiency of teaching Mandarin and judge accurately the actual language levels of individuals from dialectal areas.

笔者发现，除了部分学习者的普通话水平可以达到标准规范的程度，绝大多数人的普通话都属于不同阶段的过渡语，带有不同程度的方言色彩。

This dissertation studies Beijing Nongmingong's Mandarin attitude from five points, including their evaluation of Mandarin, psychological receptive degree of using Mandarin, degree of difficulty in learning Mandarin, expectative degree for their Mandarin competence, and expectative degree for their children's leaning of Mandarin. This part also studies Beijing Nongmingong's dialect attitude from two points: their evaluation of dialect and expectative degree of preserving their children's dialect.

从在京农民工"对普通话的主观评价、说普通话的心理接受程度、学习普通话的难易感受、对自身普通话水平的期望程度和对子女会说普通话的期望程度"五个角度，展示了在京农民工对普通话的态度；从在京农民工"对家乡话的评价、对子女保持家乡话的期望程度"两个角度，展示了在京农民工对家乡话的态度。

This article discussed the problem of the relationship between the language nationality and sociality, putting forward oppugnation about "Han mandarin" and country current mandarin, considering that the constitution prescropt about "the whole country current mandarin extended by nation" should be comprehended correctly, in order to take more achievement in whole country extending mandarin.

文章论述了语言的民族性与社会性的关系问题，对"汉语普通话"和"国家通用的普通话"等说法提出了质疑，认为应该正确理解宪法关於"国家推广全国通用的普通话"的规定，使全国推广普通话的工作取得更大成绩。

Second, From the internal comparison of linzhang dialect,I find that the difference from east to west is smaller and the difference is larger from south to north ,particularly the southern Zhanghe is affected by vicinity dialects, the tail is abundant and the suffixation of the northen Zhanghe is increasing under the influence of the Standard Chinese. The exterior comparison includes the comparison of the linzhang dialect vocabulary to that of the vicinity and that of the Standard Chinese. The comparison with the vicinity dialects reveals the ralationship of the Linzhang dialects with the vicinity dialects and inquire into its reason. Third, Through the comparison between the dialect and the Standard Chinese from the aspects of sallable, morpheme,affixation, I reveal the vocabulary-made characteristics of the Linzhang dialect---- to have abundant affix. Last, we divide the vocabulary in the Linzhang dialect into the Ancient Chinese words,the Medieval Chinese words,the Modern Chinese words,the Modern Chinese words by the historical view.

漳河北受普通话影响比较大，儿化现象比较突出；外部比较主要通过临漳与周围县，如安阳、魏县、磁县、成安县等，方言词汇的比较以及与普通话词汇的比较，揭示了临漳方言与周围县方言的亲疏关系，并探讨了其原因； 3、临漳方言词汇的构词特点，主要从构词的角度，从音节、语素、附加式构成几个方面与普通话进行了比较，突出了临漳方言词汇词缀构词的特点； 4、临漳方言词汇的历史层次是从汉语史的角度对词汇进行的分类研究，从词汇产生的时代划分出上古汉语词汇、中古汉语词汇、近代汉语词汇以及现代汉语词汇。

Although the paradox of "willing to say and uncourageous to say" postpones the step of Fucun Dialect to Mandarin, Fucun Dialect is not unlikely to be replaced by Mandarin following the continuously extendmg influences of Mandarin on the whole society and increasingly frequent communication between Fucun and outside people.

虽然这种&想说又不敢说&的矛盾心理延缓了傅村方言向普通话靠拢的步伐，但随着普通话在全社会影响的持续扩大，随着傅村人与外界交流的日益频繁，傅村方言最终为普通话所取代亦非没有可能。

According to the degrees of PSC they have,Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are classified into four stages as elementary ,intermediate ,intermediate-advanced and advanced.Then the phonologies of Standard Mandarin and Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are compared in order to find out the phonological differences between these two dialects. Based on the statistical results, the writer chooses ten typical kinds of pronunciation errors of finals according to the rates of pronunciation errors of finals on stages.Then, the phonetic level analysis is made on them for the four stages respectively. Furthermore, acoustic features of vowels, diphthongs, triphthongs and vowels with nasal endings are analysized and compared by plotting vowel charts and formant patterns for them. Finally, the writer gets some preliminary results of the typical pronunciation errors of finals during the whole process of Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage and on the stages of it respectively.

本文结合当前这种实际研究和应用的需要，以上海地区普通话过渡语为考察对象，从韵母发音偏误入手，借鉴第二语言习得研究中偏误分析和中介语研究的相关理论，采用实验语音学的方法，随机选取了80位上海地区不同普通话水平等级的应试人的应试录音和试卷作为本研究使用的语料，并将其分别对应于上海地区普通话过渡语的四个阶段，重点考察这80位处于不同阶段的应试人在测试的读单字部分的韵母发音偏误现象，通过对各阶段所有应试人的各类韵母发音偏误出现率的统计分析，展示出上海地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面产生的偏误在过渡语各个阶段上的分布特点及趋势；再根据各阶段各韵母发音偏误率的统计结果，选取各阶段共同具有的十类主要的韵母发音偏误，分别绘制过渡语各阶段的偏误音声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图，并与标准普通话中相应韵母的声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图进行比较，从而展示出上海地区普通话学习者的主要韵母偏误类型在过渡语不同阶段上各自的声学特征、偏离标准音的程度和相关趋势，并从一定程度上反映了这一地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面的能力发展轨迹，为普通话教学及培训中如何提高教学效率问题提供一定的参考依据，也为普通话水平测试各等级标准声学特征的建立，乃至为将来测试的计算机化提供了可靠的声学参数。

Putong hua is a common language of Han nationality in China.not only 91,59% of Han population uses putong hua,but also other ethnic minorites use it for different purposes or they use it simultaneously.

汉语普通话是中国汉族使用的通用语言，不仅有91，59%的汉族人口讲普通话，而且其他少数民族也因不同的目的而讲普通话，或者同时使用普通话和本民族的语言。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。