显微镜的

The surface relief effect associated with α precipitates were also studied using optic microscope, scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope.

综合应用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜研究了α相析出时发生的表面浮突现象。

The development of phase separation were followed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy, Synchrotron Radiation soft X-ray contact microscopy, time resolved light scattering, differential scanning calorimeters and rheometer.

本论文系统研究热塑性树脂改性环氧体系相分离过程中的流变行为，通过光学显微镜，扫描电子显微镜，透射电子显微镜，软X射线显微术，时间分辨激光光散射和DSC等仪器跟踪研究相分离过程，与体系的流变行为相对照，探究反应诱导粘弹相分离过程中流变行为。

Equipment includes 2 UHV Omicron Nanotechnology SPMs (1 STM/AFM, 1 STM/ESCA and 1 STM/SEM), 5 Vecco AFMs (2 explorers, 1 Nanoman and 1 Picoforce), 2 Vecco SNOMs and 5 desktop SPM systems.

设备包括2个特高压Omicron SPM的纳米技术（1扫描隧道显微镜/，1原子力显微镜扫描隧道显微镜/能谱和1扫描隧道显微镜/扫描电镜），5 Vecco CNET科技资讯网（2探险家，1 Nanoman和1 Picoforce），2 Vecco SNOMs和5桌面扫描探针显微镜系统。

The thesis consists of six chapters. In the first, the technologies of atomic force microscopy and of the measurement elasticity of biomolecules were introduced. In the second, the validity of VSPFM was confirmed by lift mode atomic force microscopy. In this chapter, the height of DNA was measured by lift mode atomic force microscopy, which demonstrated that the method of height measurement of biomolecules by VSPFM was correct and established the foundation of the method of measurement elasticity of biomolecules by vibrating mode scanning polarization force microscopy. In the third chapter, detailed work has been illustrated on the foundation of the method of measurement elasticity of biomolecules by VSPFM. And the compressive elasticity of DNA was measured. In fourth and fifth chapters, the method was applied in the measurement elasticity of proteins. Two proteins elasticity, fibre-like protein α-synuclein and global protein IgG, were measured by VSPFM, through which the method wound its way to the application of biomolecules. In last chapter, the final part of the thesis was a summary. A conclusion of the thesis and a self-comment on my work as a PhD candidate have been made, and expectation about the further works has been addressed.

本论文共分为六章，第一章，引言部分主要介绍了原子力显微镜技术及生物大分子弹性测量技术；第二章主要是VSPFM方法的正确性论证，介绍抬高模式原理，利用抬高模式原子力显微镜对DNA的高度进行测量，论证振动模式扫描极化力显微镜测量生物大分子的高度的正确性以及准确性，从而为振动模式扫描极化力显微镜测量生物大分子的弹性方法的建立奠定基础；第三章以脱氧核糖核酸为例详细介绍了振动模式极化力显微镜测量生物大分子弹性的方法的建立，对DNA的压弹性进行了初步的测量和分析；第四章和第五章介绍了振动模式扫描极化力显微镜在蛋白质弹性测量中的应用：α-synuclein和IgG分别是纤维状蛋白和球状颗粒蛋白，通过振动模式扫描极化力显微镜测量这两种蛋白质的弹性，摸索振动模式扫描极化力显微镜在蛋白质弹性测量中的应用；第六章对全文进行了总结，在对论文的工作进行归纳和自我评价之后，还对进一步的工作进行了展望。

Our main products including Operation Microscope, Colposcope, Slit Lamp Microscope, Examination Lamp, and Other Optical products.

我们的主要产品有手术显微镜、阴道镜、裂隙灯显微镜、光刻显微镜、手术灯、及其他光学产品。

The tissues of leaf of Cycas taiwaniana,Bowenia serrulata and Dioon eduleand tissue of root of Macrozamia longispina of cycads,and leaves of Michelia alba and Amygdalus persicaof angiosperm were observed by scanning electron microscope.

对苏铁属的台湾苏铁、波温铁属的细齿波温铁、双子铁属的双子铁叶的羽片，大泽米铁属长刺大泽米铁的根，以及被子植物的白兰和桃的叶组织进行了电子扫描显微镜的观察研究，结果表明，2个科4个属苏铁植物的导管类型是丰富的，导管的结构组成方式、发育过程与被子植物是一致的；例如导管端壁倾斜度等结构特征显示，一些被子植物导管的结构比苏铁类植物的要原始。

I discuss the ways Manson trained and utilized his Chinese assistants, and argue that he relied on his assistants to procure ample amounts of research material and observational data which enabled him to enlarge the scale of his research and eventually led to his discovery of filarial periodicity.

显微镜对於当时的寄生虫学研究有很大重要性，然而，成功的显微镜观察依靠的不只是高倍率显微镜与观察者敏锐的视觉而已，还需要一整套科学实作的支持，才有可能在显微镜下看到寄生虫。

The base is equipped with an X-axis workbench, a Y-axis workbench and a microscope, a bonding head is arranged above the workbench, a liftable support is arranged on the base, the microscope is mounted on the liftable support and provided with a Z-axis stepping motor, and an automatic magnification regulating mechanism is arranged on the microscope.

在底座上设置有X轴工作台、Y轴工作台和显微镜，在工作台的上方设置有键合头，在底座上还设置有可升降支架，显微镜安装在可升降支架上并且在显微镜上设置有Z轴步进电机，显微镜上安装有放大倍数自动调节机构。

Zeiss began to make improvements in microscopes, offering simple microscopes and in 1857 introducing the first compound (which employ an objective and an eyepiece) microscope "Stand I". In 1861 Zeiss compound microscopes are declared to be "among the most excellent instruments made in Germany" and he is awarded a Gold medal at the Thuringian Industrial Exhibition. By 1864 the need to house some 200 employees results in another move of the workshop to a third larger site at Johannisplatz 10. In 1866 the 1000th microscope is delivered; the Carl Zeiss shop is recognized throughout European scientific circles for the quality of its microscopes.

蔡司开始对显微镜进行改进，生产简便显微镜，并在1857年推出了第一种复合显微镜&Stand I&型。1861年蔡司复合显微镜被认为是&德国制造的最出色的仪器&，并被授予图林根工业博览会金奖。1864年由于已经拥有200名雇员了，工厂不得不第三次搬迁到Johannisplatz 街10号的更大的地点。1866年生产了第1000台显微镜；欧洲科学界通过高质量的显微镜而认识了卡尔蔡司工厂。

The students can grasp the methods and skills of using the microscope, cutting into slices bare-handed, loading slice, dying, biological drawing, know the basic knowledge and skill of observing, dissecting, describing, searching, determining of plants, etc.

通过本课程的教学使学生掌握显微镜的使用及徒手切片、装片、染色、生物绘图等方法和技术；掌握观察、解剖、描述、检索、鉴定植物的基本知识和技能，学习采集、制作植物标本的方法，了解植物生态、群落的一般知识及植物在生态系统中的地位和作用；通过实验使学生进一步理解掌握理论知识，了解国内外植物学实验的新技术、新方法。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。