显微镜

Though, the lateral resolution of CM has been enhanced to be 1.4 times of that of a conventional optical microscope under the same aperture focus ratio, it is still two orders of magnitude lower than the axial resolution of itself.

然而，尽管共焦显微镜的横向分辨力已提高到相同孔焦比的普通光学显微镜的1.4倍，但与其本身的轴向分辨力相比，横向分辨力仍低2个数量级，因此进一步改善共焦显微镜横向分辨力的研究显得尤为迫切。

This research and development effort bore its first noteworthy fruit in 1886 when Zeiss marketed the first "aphochromate" microscope objectives; this apochromatic microscope objective offered superior quality. Employing "fluorspar" elements this was the first use of crystal in an industrial optical application.

这些研究和发展的努力在1886年结出了第一个果实，蔡司公司于当年推出了"aphochromate"显微镜即复消色差透镜显微镜；此种显微镜提供了出众的品质，其中萤石成分的使用是玻璃晶体在工业光学中的首次应用。

Results (1) CCD fluorescent microscope was superior to laser scanning confocal microscope in collecting the fluorescent image of DCF. CCD fluorescent microscope was chosen to be the system applied in this research with the consideration of operation, cost and et al. The mercury-arc lamp of fluorescent microscope was fit for the requirement of our study. The wavelength range of the light output was 460-490 nm and the power density was about 100mW/cm in the condition of our study. Organelle-cell fluorescence intensity ratio analysis was more suitable than other methods.

结果：(1)CCD荧光显微镜采集到的DCF荧光图像的质量优于共聚焦显微镜，同时综合考虑包括采图质量、光照射剂量的可控性、实验成本和操作简便性等诸多因素，最终确定了CCD荧光显微镜作为实验研究的工具；荧光军医进修学院硕士学位论文中文摘要显微镜的汞灯输出功率稳定，光斑均匀，经本实验所选取的光路系统后输出波长范围为460一490nm，功率密度约为1 00 mw/cm；细胞器一细胞荧光强度比值法对于荧光分布位置的确定优于其他方法。

Quality equipment categories: Programmable constant temperature and humidity box, high and low temperature test chamber, salt spray test machine, oven, heat aging test machine, cold / anti-yellowing chamber, hot and cold impact test machine, hot wire testing machine, Vertical + level of combustion testing machine, testing machine tracking, key life testing machine, plug and socket load life testing machine, spring testing machine, 90-degree peel strength test machine, the breakdown strength test machine, Central compressive strength testing machine, paper tube / carton compression testing machine, wearable rub tester, plug test machines, rotor life durability testing machine, testing machine Life expectancy clamshell mobile phone, mouse, roller-life testing machine, vibration test machine to simulate the vibration motor transport units, cell phone drop test machine, packaging drop test machine, torsion testing machine wire Qu, sudden pull plug wire tester, static tensile testing machine, wire bending rock testing machine, wire elongation testing machine, universal testing machine, tensile testing machine, drop-ball impact testing machine, fatigue life testing machine headphones, headsets Life expectancy tensile testing machine, push pull, the cloth, carvedilol, Victoria, Xiao, Lane, Shaw Sclerometer, video measuring instrument, precision mapping microscope, digital projectors, stereomicroscope , metallographic microscope, reading microscope, continuous zoom microscope, magnifying glass, caliper, micrometer, standard weight, height, the thickness, the slab of rock, electronic weight, said that electronic counting, electronic scales, analytical balance, standard light boxes, etc..

可程式恒温恒湿箱、高低温试验箱、盐水喷雾试验机、干燥箱、热老化试验机、耐寒/耐黄变试验箱、冷热冲击试验机、灼热丝试验机、垂直+水平燃烧试验机、漏电起痕试验机、按键寿命试验机、插头插座负载寿命试验机、弹簧试验机、90度剥离强度试验机、破裂强度试验机、环压强度试验机、纸管/纸箱抗压试验机、耐磨擦试验机、插拔力试验机、转轴寿命耐久试验机、手机翻盖寿命试验机、鼠标滚轴寿命试验机、振动试验机、模拟汽车运输振动台、手机跌落试验机、包装跌落试验机、电线曲挠试验机、插头线突拉试验机、静态拉力试验机、线材弯折摇摆试验机、线材伸长率试验机、万能材料试验机、拉力试验机、落球冲击试验机、耳机疲劳寿命试验机、耳机拉伸寿命试验机、推拉力计、布、洛、维、肖、里、邵氏硬度计、影像测量仪、精密测绘显微镜、数字投影仪、体视显微镜、金相显微镜、读数显微镜、连续变倍显微镜、放大镜、卡尺、千分尺、标准砝码、高度计、厚度计、岩石平板、电子计重称、电子计数称、电子天平、分析天平、标准光源箱等。

Equipment includes 2 UHV Omicron Nanotechnology SPMs (1 STM/AFM, 1 STM/ESCA and 1 STM/SEM), 5 Vecco AFMs (2 explorers, 1 Nanoman and 1 Picoforce), 2 Vecco SNOMs and 5 desktop SPM systems.

设备包括2个特高压Omicron SPM的纳米技术（1扫描隧道显微镜/，1原子力显微镜扫描隧道显微镜/能谱和1扫描隧道显微镜/扫描电镜），5 Vecco CNET科技资讯网（2探险家，1 Nanoman和1 Picoforce），2 Vecco SNOMs和5桌面扫描探针显微镜系统。

The thesis consists of six chapters. In the first, the technologies of atomic force microscopy and of the measurement elasticity of biomolecules were introduced. In the second, the validity of VSPFM was confirmed by lift mode atomic force microscopy. In this chapter, the height of DNA was measured by lift mode atomic force microscopy, which demonstrated that the method of height measurement of biomolecules by VSPFM was correct and established the foundation of the method of measurement elasticity of biomolecules by vibrating mode scanning polarization force microscopy. In the third chapter, detailed work has been illustrated on the foundation of the method of measurement elasticity of biomolecules by VSPFM. And the compressive elasticity of DNA was measured. In fourth and fifth chapters, the method was applied in the measurement elasticity of proteins. Two proteins elasticity, fibre-like protein α-synuclein and global protein IgG, were measured by VSPFM, through which the method wound its way to the application of biomolecules. In last chapter, the final part of the thesis was a summary. A conclusion of the thesis and a self-comment on my work as a PhD candidate have been made, and expectation about the further works has been addressed.

本论文共分为六章，第一章，引言部分主要介绍了原子力显微镜技术及生物大分子弹性测量技术；第二章主要是VSPFM方法的正确性论证，介绍抬高模式原理，利用抬高模式原子力显微镜对DNA的高度进行测量，论证振动模式扫描极化力显微镜测量生物大分子的高度的正确性以及准确性，从而为振动模式扫描极化力显微镜测量生物大分子的弹性方法的建立奠定基础；第三章以脱氧核糖核酸为例详细介绍了振动模式极化力显微镜测量生物大分子弹性的方法的建立，对DNA的压弹性进行了初步的测量和分析；第四章和第五章介绍了振动模式扫描极化力显微镜在蛋白质弹性测量中的应用：α-synuclein和IgG分别是纤维状蛋白和球状颗粒蛋白，通过振动模式扫描极化力显微镜测量这两种蛋白质的弹性，摸索振动模式扫描极化力显微镜在蛋白质弹性测量中的应用；第六章对全文进行了总结，在对论文的工作进行归纳和自我评价之后，还对进一步的工作进行了展望。

Get high purity DCs by Cultured plastic-adherent monocytes isolated from healthy human peripheral blood with GM-CSF and IL-4 for 7 days. To observe the morphology of DCs by inverted phase contrast microscope ,electron microscope and laser confocal microscope. Analyse phenotype of DCs with flow cytometry. Investigate the endocytosis ability of DCs as a group by Horseradish peroxidase endocytosis assay. To appraise allogeneic mixed lymphocytes reaction of DCs by MTT reduction assay. Analyse the levels of IL-12 and TNF in liquids of cultured medium by ELISA and MTT reduction assay respectively. Soluble antigens of HCCs was obtained by 3 freeze-and-thaw cycles. Biological characteristics of HC soluble antigens pulsed DCs were monitored by flow cytometry. According to MTT reduction assay estimated the cell proliferation of self lymphocytes activated by HC antigens pulsed DCs. Get high purity BCG HSP 70 protein by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and determined its biological activity with ELISA. Analyse phenotype of antigen pulsed DCs primed by BCG HSP70 with flow cytometry. By MTT reduction assay estimated the cell proliferation of self lymphocytes and the MLR of DC based vaccine. Analyse expression of HLA-DR molecule on surface of HCC lines. The IFN-γ mRNA in lymphocytes after actived by DC vaccine and the Fas-L expression on DC and DC vaccine primed lymphocytes were detected by in situ hybridization and flow cytometry respectively. Specific cytotoxity lysis of T lymphocytes and nonspecific inhibition of liquids in culture medium against HCC lines were also tested. Detect expression of hAFP on four HCC lines with Cell-ELISA. Induce apoptosis of HCCs with actinomycin-D. Interaction of DCs and apoptotic cells was observed under transmission electron microscope. Growth inhibition test of DC against HCC lines was also performed. Establish the nude mouse model bearing human HC xenografts and indentify the characteristic of tumour by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry techniques. Prevent and treat transplanted human HC on nude mouse with Freezing and anabiotic HC specific lymphocytes.

用GM-CSF和IL-4从健康人外周血诱导DC；分别用倒置相差显微镜、电子显微镜及激光共聚焦显微镜观察DC形态；流式细胞术检测DC表型；HRP吞噬实验测定DC的群体内吞能力；MTT法检测同种异体混合淋巴细胞反应；ELISA法和MTT法分别测定DC培养上清液中IL-12和TNF水平；冻融法制备肝癌细胞可溶性抗原；流式细胞术检测负载肝癌可溶性抗原后DC的生物学特性；MTT法检测DC负载肝癌抗原后对自身淋巴细胞增殖的影响；SDS-PAGE制备电泳纯化BCG HSP70并鉴定纯度，ELISA测定活性；流式细胞术检测负载抗原DC经BCGHSP 70活化后的表型；MTT法检测肝癌DC疫苗对自身淋巴细胞增殖的影响和混合淋巴细胞反应；流式细胞术检测肝癌细胞表面HLA-DR表达；MTT法检测肝癌DC疫苗对自身淋巴细胞的活化；原位杂交法检测肝癌DC疫苗活化后的淋巴细胞IFN-γmRNA表达；流式细胞术检测DC和肝癌DC疫苗活化后淋巴细胞表面Fas-L；MTT法分别检测肝癌DC疫苗活化的淋巴细胞和其培养上清对肝癌细胞的特异性杀伤和非特异性抑制作用；Cell-ELISA检测人肝癌细胞hAFP表达；MTT法检测负载AFP表位肽和凋亡肝癌细胞DC对自身淋巴细胞增殖的影响；ELISA法和MTT法分别测定活化后淋巴细胞培养上清中TNF和IL-12水平；肝癌细胞凋亡的诱导和检测；DC吞噬凋亡肝癌细胞后的电子显微镜观察；DC对肝癌细胞的生长抑制试验；人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤动物模型的建立及其组织学和免疫组织化学鉴定；DC及肝癌特异性淋巴细胞预防和治疗人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤；冻存和复苏后的肝癌特异性淋巴细胞预防和治疗人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤。

I discuss the ways Manson trained and utilized his Chinese assistants, and argue that he relied on his assistants to procure ample amounts of research material and observational data which enabled him to enlarge the scale of his research and eventually led to his discovery of filarial periodicity.

显微镜对於当时的寄生虫学研究有很大重要性，然而，成功的显微镜观察依靠的不只是高倍率显微镜与观察者敏锐的视觉而已，还需要一整套科学实作的支持，才有可能在显微镜下看到寄生虫。

The base is equipped with an X-axis workbench, a Y-axis workbench and a microscope, a bonding head is arranged above the workbench, a liftable support is arranged on the base, the microscope is mounted on the liftable support and provided with a Z-axis stepping motor, and an automatic magnification regulating mechanism is arranged on the microscope.

在底座上设置有X轴工作台、Y轴工作台和显微镜，在工作台的上方设置有键合头，在底座上还设置有可升降支架，显微镜安装在可升降支架上并且在显微镜上设置有Z轴步进电机，显微镜上安装有放大倍数自动调节机构。

Zeiss began to make improvements in microscopes, offering simple microscopes and in 1857 introducing the first compound (which employ an objective and an eyepiece) microscope "Stand I". In 1861 Zeiss compound microscopes are declared to be "among the most excellent instruments made in Germany" and he is awarded a Gold medal at the Thuringian Industrial Exhibition. By 1864 the need to house some 200 employees results in another move of the workshop to a third larger site at Johannisplatz 10. In 1866 the 1000th microscope is delivered; the Carl Zeiss shop is recognized throughout European scientific circles for the quality of its microscopes.

蔡司开始对显微镜进行改进，生产简便显微镜，并在1857年推出了第一种复合显微镜&Stand I&型。1861年蔡司复合显微镜被认为是&德国制造的最出色的仪器&，并被授予图林根工业博览会金奖。1864年由于已经拥有200名雇员了，工厂不得不第三次搬迁到Johannisplatz 街10号的更大的地点。1866年生产了第1000台显微镜；欧洲科学界通过高质量的显微镜而认识了卡尔蔡司工厂。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。