明教

However, at Yuan dynasty and earlier Ming dynasty, Muslin distributed over all china and gather partly. Muslin who gather together in Nanjing and the station of special economy, politics and culture had brought up Zhangzhong (born at Suzhou, studing at Nanjing), Wangdaiyu, Liuzhi, Mazhu, Jintianzhu, etc, who are familiar with four religions and are scholar of Jingling school of thought of Chinese Islamism .They deeply thought of theirselves'nationality and their religion by highly sense of historical mission and sense of duty. They initiated"explaining Alcoran with Confusion"movement. The movement and it's practice essencely is the talk, interflow and mix between Islam civilization and Chinsese Confusion idea.

然而，元及明前期穆斯林的大分散与小集中、金陵城下穆斯林的大集中以及明清之际南京地区特殊的区域经济、政治、文化地位催生了张中(虽是苏州人，但是学在南京)、王岱舆、刘智、马注、金天柱等"四教兼通"的"中国伊斯兰教金陵学派"的学者，他们以高度的历史使命感和责任感，开始了对本民族及其所信仰宗教在我国存在与发展的深沉思考，并发起了"以儒诠经"运动，"以儒诠经"运动及其实践就其本质而言是伊斯兰文明和中国儒家文明历史上的一次重要对话、交流与融合。

A Da Ai father in Guangming Elementary School for seven years, Liu teaches students from grades two to five. Every semester, he conducts at least one session a day.

在光明国小学，当大爱爸爸已第七个年头，刘明交从国小二年级教到五年级，每个学期每一天至少有一个班的讲课。

A large number of temples of Buddhist nunnery that appear , have formed the unique typical environment of Buddhism culture in the works.

反应了佛教在民间的流传状况以及佛教在民间所起到的善恶彰明，有益教化的社会功能。

Ma Ming-hsin insisted on the permissibility of jahr , and the Old Teaching masters insisted with equal vehemence on the traditional Naqshbandi silent dhikr

马明心主张可以高念，而老教的大师们则同样强烈地坚持认为要坚守传统的纳格什班底耶的低念方式。

Based on the analysis of this study, the major counseling and guidance principles are establishing and maintaining good relationship between teacher and student, accepting and advising children, fairness, teacher's words conforming with higher actions, and other counselling viewpoints; the essential principles of adaptation include a positive attitude toward reality, self-directing and hard working, proper combination of toughness and gentleness, survival in distress, and other viewpoints relative to the adaptation of oneself to the external environment; and leadership principles include using normative power, contingency, and the important characteristics associated with leaders.

主要之辅导原理为包容接纳儿童、辅导儿童自导、建立良好的师生关系、至诚、渐进、豫防、境教身教言教并重、动静相济、公平无私、日新其德、变通、仁合於义、与时偕行、只管耕耘不计收获、周而能异、遏恶扬善、益之用凶事、以果行首德、爱而严之教育态度、恒久於其道而天下化成、有德长老之领导、熟练以致用、不可急速正其不正等；主要之适应原理为中且正、亲比、天下随时、包含章美、积极面对现实、敬慎、努力充实自己、自强不息、自我尝试、自求、刚而能柔、柔而能刚、积种倾倒否塞、艰难以处之、内健而外顺、生於忧患、反身修德、利人、至诚、安而不忘危、见几而作等；主要之统御原理为在莅众用晦而明、师出以律、无为、以孚信化邦、以贵下贱、知临、咸感以临下、威临吉无不利未顺命也、变而过之以尽利、在师中吉、劳谦、敬之无咎、长子帅师、容民畜众、君子央央、师或舆尸凶、师左次无咎、慎密、匪其彭无咎、有孚维心亨、作事谋始、圣人感人心、明慎用那而不留狱、先甲三日后甲三日、致命遂志、涣其躬、涣其羣、动而免乎险、上以厚下安宅、思不出其位等。

The three leading New England Puritan exponents, John Winthrop, Jonathan Edwards, and Benjamin Franklin represented the embryo and the decline of Puritanism in New England. Then, through the comparison of Franklin and Thomas Paine, the author expatiates the significant role Franklin played in the "Age of Reason". In the last chapter, Franklin as a scientist and a social welfare worker is expounded and his overall significance in American culture is emphasized again.

文章整合了约翰·温思罗普、本杰明·富兰克林和乔纳森·爱德华兹这三位重要的美国殖民地时期新英格兰的代表人物，认为他们的思想隐示了清教主义在新英格兰的始末，强调了富兰克林的实用精神；其次，作者通过对本杰明·富兰克林和托马斯·潘恩进行比较，突出了富兰克林思想在北美"理性时代"中发挥的重要作用；最后，文章综述了富兰克林在自然科学领域和社会福利方面的伟大建树，分析了他对美国文化所产生的深远影响。

A worker in all mediums, oils, water-color, pastel and etching painting with distinction the figure, landscape and still-life, he is perhaps best known by his portraits, his sitters numbering some of the most important men and women of his time.

他的教學效果非常突出，最初在紐約藝術研究會，後在自己開辦的學校（1896年創辦）教畫，在20世紀初推廣鮮明色彩和透明水彩的畫法。

These main methods were as follows: the local officials themselves heard the cases, got the causes, tried to persude the believers and the common people ,otherwise punished them to suppress their critical momentum to reduce resistance; relied on local rural Managers and gentries to settle the cases; argued vigorously with priests and believers according to treaties; consulled directly with the minister and rejected the unreasonable demands ;noticed out to tell the people and so on.

直隶地方官员们利用近代的外交手段并传统办案的方法加以解决教案的交涉，主要方法有亲身审问，当堂直接讯明案情根由；劝谕开导、刚柔并济对民教详加开导进行说理工作，否则刑责教民，压制其气势减少办案阻力；借助地方乡保、士绅等人之力而结案；派员会办，查明根由；对教士教民以进为退据约力争；与公使领事直接会商驳斥开导；出谕晓示以通民教之情等等。

Grecque (Paris, 1901); Holland, The Apostolic Fathers (London, 1897); Wake, The Genuine Epistles of the Apostolic Fathers (London, 1893); Fleming, Early Christian Witnesses (London, 1878); Crutwell, A Literary History of Early Christianity (London, 1893), I, 21-127; Oxford Society of Historical Theology, The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers (Oxford, 1905); Lightfoot in Dict.

grecque （巴黎， 1901年）；荷兰，使徒教父（伦敦， 1897年）；唤醒，真正书信使徒教父（伦敦， 1893年）；弗莱明，早期基督教见证（伦敦， 1878年）； Crutwell ，文学史早期基督教（伦敦， 1893年），我21-127 ；牛津社会的历史神学，新约中的使徒教父（牛津， 1905年）；娜莱在快译通。

Ma built his own mosque in Kansu and made many initiates, and before long his forceful preaching among the Huis and Salars of northwest China provoked a reaction among the leaders of the Old Teaching.

马明心在甘肃省建立了自己的清真寺，有了自己的教下。很快，他在中国西北的回族人和撒拉族人中强有力的宣教激起了老教领导人的反对。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。