昆虫

The microspore was more like a tetrahedron, whilethe polar was more like a triangle. The number of microspore in every anther wasbetween 2600～3600, so the amount of pollen was quite large that it was propitiousto spread and pollination. P/O was 8088 and the breed system was singleheterosexual copulatoryb. The viability of pollen was normally above 50%. The testof pollen culture showed that the viability of pollen was up to the tiptop under thehigher temperature and lower humidity (38℃,40%),while it was weakest under thelower temperature and lower humidity (16℃,40%).The OCI is 4, and the breedsystem was belong to autocopulation. If it was heterosexual copulatory, there must beintermediums for pollination. It was recorded there were more than 40 species ofinsects on the anthotaxy or followers of Malania Oleifera. Under different weather,different living environments and different plants the frequency and rush hour of theinsects to visit the followers were different. Actions of different kinds of insect werealso different. According to the results of the observation, the form of fluid and seedof Malania Oleifera mostly rely on the action of insect pollination, especially thebees.

蒜头果的花序为聚伞形花序，有小花8～10朵，小花较小；按花粉大小等级划分，蒜头果的花粉粒属于小的范围；花粉粒呈近四面体，极面为近三角形：每粒花药所含的花粉粒在2600～3600粒之间，花粉量较大，有利于花粉的传播和授粉；胚珠比值为8088，繁育系统为专性异交类型；花粉生活力一般在50％以上；在不同温度湿度条件下测得蒜头果花粉的生活力在高温低湿(38℃，40％)的条件下最高，在低温低湿(16℃，40％)的条件下最低；杂交指数值为4，繁育系统自交亲和，异交，需要传粉者；记录到的访花昆虫有40余种，访花昆虫的访花频率及高峰时间不同，不同种类的昆虫的访花行为也是各有所异；从观察的结果看，蒜头果的种实的形成大多数依赖于传粉昆虫的活动，其中主要是蜂类。

During 1994～1996,we found that Scarabaeidae,Carabidae and Elateridae are the dominant groups of soil Coleopteran.They showed the obviously seasonal dynamic in density ,vertical distribution and diversity that have different responses to the changes of season. According to their roles in grassland ecosystem, their main functions in the system can be performed by their larvae, and the most powerful influence in the system should be in spring and autumn.

大针茅草原中土壤鞘翅目昆虫的组成以金龟总科、步甲科为主。2）土壤鞘翅目昆虫密度具有明显的季节动态，即春季和秋季密度较高，夏季密度较低。3）土壤鞘翅目昆虫中不同类群对季节的变化有明显不同的响应。4）随季节变化土壤鞘翅目昆虫在土壤中的垂直分布及水平分布有显著变化。

This paper extracted and analysed 11Math-Mophological Features such as Area, Perimeter, X-Length, Y-Length, Shape-Parameter, Lobation, Sphericity, Circularity, Roundness, Eccentricity and HoleNumber. Based on 40 species of insects which belonging to 8 Orders, 25 Families. And then ranks the accountability of 11 features each in insect identification while assessing their implication to insect taxonomy on levels of Order, Superfamily, Family and Species. More than those, also describes the kinship among the insects of various categories within the same level from the perspective of mathematical morphology through cluster analyses.

论文对隶属于8个目25科的40种昆虫利用计算机视觉技术进行了自动鉴别研究，从昆虫图像中提取和分析了这些昆虫的面积、周长、横轴长、纵轴长、形状参数、叶状性、球状性、圆形性、似圆度、偏心率、亮斑数等11项数学形态特征，并分别探讨了在目、总科、科及种分类阶元上这些数学特征在昆虫分类中的应用可能性和可靠性，利用聚类分析从数学形态学角度对所涉及到的同阶元昆虫类群的亲缘关系做了描述。

Is set to "keep insects, eating insects, insects play, watch insects, with insect," as one integrated project, there are broad prospects for development.

是集"养昆虫、吃昆虫、玩昆虫、看昆虫、用昆虫"为一体的综合性项目，有着广阔的发展前景。

Just under this background, studying on the flight mechanism of flapping-wing MAV and sample fabrication from the bionics are conducted in this dissertation. The kinematics equations of insect wings can be acquired by the observation and measurement on the natural insect in researching paper. The geometry model of insect is established by UG technology. The three dimensional grid during the insect moving in the flow field is achieved which adopted grid generation method. The characteristic of lift and drag are attained by simulation the surround flow field during the locomotion of wings, and the flight mechanism of insect is discussed. Based on this study, the physical flapping-wing MAV is fabricated by the acquirable materials and parts of apparatus in existence.

正是在这一背景下，本文从仿生的角度来研究微型飞行器的飞行机理与样机制作；通过查阅文献中对自然界中昆虫翅膀运动的观察与测量，获取了昆虫翅膀的运动方程；采用UG建模技术，建立昆虫的几何模型；采用网格划分方法，获取昆虫在流场运动时的三维网格；运用CFD方法模拟翅膀运动时周围的流场，获取昆虫运动时的升阻力特性，进而来研究昆虫的飞行机理；在此基础上，通过现有可用的材料加工制作仿生微型飞行器。

There were 22 pollinating insect species belonging to 4 orders and 11 families, among which, native bee species Megachile abluta, M. spissula, Xylocopa valga, Andrena parvula and Anthophora melanognatha were the main pollinators. M. abluta, M. spissula and X. valga were of uni-peak type with diurnal foraging activities trom 11:30 to 15:30, while A. parvula and A. melanognatha were of double-peak type with diurnal foraging activities on 9:30-11:30 and 16:30-18:30, indicating a complementary relationship among the pollinators. The main pollinators had significant differences in their tripping frequency and landing time, and their foraging behaviors were correlated with their body sizes.

结果表明：苜蓿访花昆虫共计22种，分别属于4个目，11个科，根据弹花效率初步确定鳞地蜂、黑颚条蜂、净切叶蜂、细切叶蜂和紫木蜂为河西地区主要传粉昆虫；主要传粉昆虫的日活动规律出现单峰型和双峰型2种，净切叶蜂、细切叶蜂和紫木蜂属于前者，只在11：30-15：30出现一个活动高峰，而鳞地蜂与黑颚条蜂则为双峰型，在9：30-11：30和16：30-18：30分别出现访花高峰，不同的传粉昆虫之间存在互补关系；主要传粉昆虫的弹花频率和小花停留时间存在显著差异，且访花行为与野生蜂体型紧密相关。

The results showed that the phytophagous insects in the spruce forest in Qilian Mountains exhibited obvious vertival stratification structure. According to the amounty of species of each structure, it could be divided into 6 insect communities, namely the insects community of the shrub and herbage (928 species), of the soil and root (780 species), of the tender end and needle (117 species), of the stem phloem and xylem (66 species), of the branch thin end twig shin (38 species), of the blossom and seed and fruit (14 species).

结果表明祁连山区青海云杉林中植食性昆虫具有明显的垂直分层结构，根据林分的垂直结构和昆虫寄生、取食树木组织部位可划分为6个群落，其种类由多到少依次为灌木和草本层昆虫群落（928种），土壤与根部昆虫群落（约780种），嫩梢与针叶昆虫群落（117种），树干韧皮部与木质部昆虫群落（66种）、枝梢与嫩皮昆虫群落（38种）、花与种实昆虫群落（14种）。

In the practice it plays an important part in insect surveys, the choice of grain method, the improvement of grain storage level, the extension of storage time and the delay of grain quality deterioration. 1 Research on stored product insects in large warehouse 1.1 Community composition and structure analysis of stored product insects in large warehouse By means of GJ89 type probe trap investigation of stored grain insects and analysis of community composition and structure of large warehouse were carried out in Chongqing Beibei State Grain Reserve Depot. The results showed that there were main Lipocelis botrychophilus、 Cryptolestes ferrugineus、 Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Sitophilus zeamais etc in large warehouse

高大平房仓储粮昆虫生态学研究 1.1 高大平房仓散装储粮昆虫群落组成及结构分析使用GJ89型粮虫陷阱检测器对中央储备粮重庆北碚直属库高大平房仓储粮昆虫进行系统调查，并对其群落组成及结构进行了分析，结果表明高大平房仓储粮昆虫主要有书虱Lipocelis botrychophilus、锈赤扁谷盗Cryptolestes ferrugineus、腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae和玉米象Sitophilus zeamais等4类，其中书虱为绝对优势种群；在粮堆垂直方向0～50cm 4类昆虫发生最多，100～150cm发生最少；4类昆虫在粮面0～50cm丰富度、优势度、多样性及均匀度4项指标均高于50～100cm和100～150cm，水平方向6个区域各项指标差异不大。

This site also offers databases on insect collections at the Illinois Natural History Survey, literature on insect viruses and pathogens, soybean aphids, and the Therevidae.

这是美国伊利诺斯州自然历史调查局生态昆虫学中心的主页，提供有关生物防治、昆虫迁移和分布、城市昆虫生态等下级页面的链接，INHS的昆虫收藏数据库，以及昆虫病毒和病原体、大豆蚜虫等方面的文献。

JIADUO INTELLECTURE INSECT MONITORING LAMP utilized the most insects like the blacklight, use the 20w blacklight or 200w writelight as light source, also use 5mm glass as insect crash screen; the light source open in special time to process lure insect, the electricity-road control the long red out to kill the pests. In order to guarantee the killing speed, hand in insect have 2proccesses, the small plate accto pass. When the insects fall into the small plate, through the small plate pass fall into the big plate then into the bag. The materials use the stainless steel, rainproof cap utilize the fly wire design, in order to lure insects easy fall into the collecting plate, the plate's angle is 15·.

佳多牌虫情测报灯利用大多数昆虫对黑光灯发出的光波较敏感的特性，采用20W黑光灯管或200W白炽灯泡作诱集光源，并用5mm透明玻璃板做昆虫撞击屏；诱集光源在设定时间点亮，进行诱集昆虫扑灯，温控电路控制远红外处理器将昆虫杀死，为保证昆虫快速死亡，昆虫处理设置为2个过程；主控制器指令小转盘定时转动，使被远红外线处理过的虫体通过大转盘落入相应接虫袋中；主框架结构全部采用不锈钢制作，灯帽采用飞碟流线型设计；为了使诱集到的昆虫顺利落入滑斗，滑斗滑入角度设计为15°角。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。