时效

The paper analyzes various views and reasons that if limitation is applicable to the claim of identification of invalid contract,and argues that the affirmance of contract invalidation should be restricted by limitation.The limitation should be started from the point of expiration date of the fulfillment of obligations and the limita...

通过对无效合同的确认是否适用诉讼时效的各种观点及理由的评析，认为无效合同的确认应受诉讼时效限制，无效合同确认的诉讼时效以合同义务履行期限届满之日起二年为准，无效合同所产生的请求权的诉讼时效分别从合同义务履行期限届满之日起二年内和合同被确认无效之日起二年内。

In order to reduce the natural aging time of 2024 aluminum alloy, a new artificial aging technique of 2024 which aging time is shorter than that of the natural aging technique, based on the hardness and conductivity test and aging principle analysis, was proposed in this paper.

高立柱 ，刘艳红，田秀云为缩短2024铝合金的自然时效时间，本文通过对2024铝合金导电率和硬度实验研究以及对它的时效机理的分析，初步确定了2024铝合金的一种新的时效时间较短的人工时效制度。

In case an obligee claims for rights to an assurer to debts , the agent of the obligor , or the custodian of property , the statute of limitations may be determined as being interrupted .

173。诉讼时效因权利人主张权利或者义务人同意履行义务而中断后，权利人在新的诉讼时效期间内，再次主张权利或者义务人再次同意履行义务的，可以认定为诉讼时效再次中断。

This means that the residual strain in rolled alloy promoted the aging process. The influence of aging temperature on the room-temperature mechanical properties of 1〓, 2〓 and 6〓 alloys was tested and the results show that the 1〓 alloy without minor element additive is very sensitive to the aging temperature. Over-aging occurred easily when the aging temperature is somewhat higher, so it is difficult to control the aging treatment in production. The 6〓 alloy with combined Mg, Cr, Co additives showed less tendency of over-aging, the alloy can be aged in a wider temperature range and the mechanical property is stable. So the treatment process can be easily controlled.

对不同微量添加元素的1〓、2〓和6〓三种合金经热轧态时效后的室温力学性能表明，不添加微量元素的1〓合金对时效温度较敏感，温度偏高时容易产生过时效，且过时效的温度明显低于加Mg的2〓合金和同时加Mg、Cr、Co的6〓合金，这对生产过程中的工艺控制增加了难度，6〓合金的过时效倾向最小，合金可以在较宽的温度范围内进行时效，力学性能较稳定，使生产工艺较易控制。

It is shown that Mn and Ti had refined the microstructure,and formed to precipitation affluent of Mn or Ti ,which approved the performance of the Shape Memory Alloy.For a certain strain,the shape memory effect vayied functionly together with the aging time:alloy performance the best coorperative status that the martensite lathing was close and ordered,the precipitation rich of Mn and Ti dispersed orderly in the microstructure and little or even no eutectoid phase had precipited in the alloy ,in a special aging temperature and time. With the prolonger of the aging time,the different aging time affects the microstructure rulely.

结果表明：Cu-Al-X系形状记忆合金中，Mn和Ti的加入细化了组织，并且形成了富Mn和富Ti相，起到沉淀强化和弥散强化的作用；对于同一种变形量，合金在母相时效时，形状记忆效应随时效保温时间呈现规律性变化，不同时效温度下，合金对应一个不同的时效时间，此时合金的显微组织呈现最佳自协作状态，马氏体板条细密有序，富Ti和Al相均匀的弥散在组织中，合金中没有或很少有共析相出现，且随着时效时间的延长，在不同的特定温度下，Cu-24Al-3Mn-2Ti合金的组织会有规律性的变化。

It is shown that Mn and Ti had refined the microstructure, and formed to precipitation affluent of Mn or Ti, which approved the performance of the shape memory alloy. For a certain strain, the shape memory effect varyied functionly together with the aging time: alloy performance the best coorperative status that the martensite lathing was close and ordered, the precipitation rich of Mn and Ti dispersed orderly in the microstructure and little or even no eutectoid phase had precipited in the alloy, in a special aging temperature and time. With the prolonger of the aging time, the different aging time affects the microstructure rulely.

结果表明：Cu-Al-X系形状记忆合金中，Mn和Ti的加入细化了组织，并且形成了富Mn和富Ti相，起到沉淀强化和弥散强化的作用；对于同一种变形量，合金在母相时效时，形状记忆效应随时效保温时间呈现规律性变化，不同时效温度下，合金对应一个不同的时效时间，此时合金的显微组织呈现最佳自协作状态，马氏体板条细密有序，富Ti和Al相均匀的弥散在组织中，合金中没有或很少有共析相出现，且随着时效时间的延长，在不同的特定温度下，Cu-24Al-3Mn-2Ti合金的组织会有规律性的变化。

Again, on the other hand, it happens that anyone who knows that the property which he possesses belongs to another can acquire it by usucaption; as, for instance where someone has possession of property belonging to an estate of which the heir who is not yet born has not obtained possession ; for he is permitted to acquire it in this manner, provided the said property is of a nature which admits of usucaption, and this kind of possession and usucaption is styled that of a person representing an heir.

另一方面也出现这样的情况：某人明知自己占有的物品是他人的而对其实行时效取得，比如某人占有继承人尚未获得的遗产物；在这种情况下允许他实行失效取得，只要该物品是可时效取得的。这种占有和时效取得被称为待继承人的占有和时效取得。

The applied scope of the extinctive prescriptions can be classfied into three kinds:"the extinction of obligatory properties";"the extinction of obligatory rights and other non-ownership properties" and "the extinction of rights of claim".

诉讼时效制度的适用范围应扩大到人身权、请求权、物权请求权等几乎所有的民事法律关系；不仅国家财产应属诉讼时效制度的限制，仲裁时效亦应属于诉讼时效的范畴。

For the aged aluminum alloys which generally contain disc/plate-shaped or rod/needle-shaped precipitates, a model has been established, from the viewpoints of thermodynamics, kinetics and strengthening theory, to relate quantitatively the yield strength to the size, volume fraction and aspect ratio of precipitates which all were analytical associated with the chemical compositions of alloys, aging temperature and aging time. This model has been experimentally proved to well predict the variation of yield strength with the evolution of disc/plate-shaped or rod/needle-shaped precipitates for present Al-4. 62wt% Cu-0.65wt% Mg alloy aged at 513K and Al-1. 12wt% Mg0.57wt% Si alloy aged at 463K, respectively, and the yield strengths simulated by this model were also found to be in well agreement with previously measured values for a series of aged Al-Cu binary alloys, AA6061 and Al-Zn-Mg alloys.

以析出热力学、长大动力学及强化理论为基础，研究了含有盘/片状、棒/针状时效析出强化相铝合金在时效过程中时效析出相尺寸、体积分数和长径比等参数的演变及其对合金时效强化效果的影响，给出了合金成分、时效变量与微观组织参数之间非线性的解析表达关系式，进而从微观结构—宏观性能相结合的角度出发建立起了具有盘/片状、棒/针状时效析出相铝合金的时效工艺—屈服强度量化模型，并将该模型应用于不同温度、连续不同时间时效下Al-Cu二元系列合金、6061铝合金和Al-Zn-Mg系列合金的屈服强度预测，得到了与前人实测值吻合良好的结果。

Article 257 The Limitation period for claims against the carrier with regard to the carriage of goods by sea is one year, counting from the day on which the goods were delivered or should have been delivered by the carrier. Within the limitation period or after the expiration thereof, if the person allegedly liable has brought up a claim of recourse against a third person, that claim is time-barred at the expiration of 90 days, counting from the day on which the person claiming for the recourse settled the claim, or was served with a copy of the process by the court handling the claim against him.

第二百五十七条就海上货物运输向承运人要求赔偿的请求权，时效期间为一年，自承运人交付或者应当交付货物之日起计算；在时效期间内或者时效期间届满后，被认定为负有责任的人向第三人提起追偿请求的，时效期间为九十日，自追偿请求人解决原赔偿请求之日起或者收到受理对其本人提起诉讼的法院的起诉状副本之日起计算。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。