旱生型的

The result indicated that: with the change of ecological factors and intensification of human activities,strong stability of grassland community structure of the local alpine meadow type along the highway in this region was found,proportion of medium xerophilous、rhizomous grass increased;alpine grassland community had relatively low stability,grassland community successed naturally to adapt to the new environment;...

结果显示：随着生态因子发生变化和人类活动的加剧，该区公路沿线高寒草甸类草地群落结构表现出了较强的稳定性，中旱生耐旱的根茎型禾草比重有所增加；高寒草原植物群落稳定性相对较差，草地群落为适应新的生境而发生了自然演替；沼泽化草甸亚类草地植物群落中群落伴生种的种类增加，优势种嵩草属植物在群落中的比重有所下降。

The single-celled phytoplankton included 116 inshore wide distribution species, 31 inshore warm-water species and 26 inshore temperate species, and the vascular plants were of 6 ecological groups, i.e., halophtes (24 species), hydrophtes (22 species), amphiphytes (35 species ), mesopllytes (103 species), zerophytes (6 species), and psammons (4 species). Halophtes, hydrophtes, and amphiphytes were the edificators and dominants, reflecting the azonal feature of the wetland vegetations. The vascular plants were divided into 5 life-forms, including 20 phaenerophytes, 4 chamaephytes, 54 hemicryptophytes, 48 geophytes and 68 therophytes, among which, hemicryptophytes and geophytes accounted for 52.58%, reflecting the relatively important function of cold and wet climate and local water-accumulated bottomland environment on the vascular flora formation.

区系中的单细胞浮游藻类包括近岸广布种116种、近岸暖水种31种、近岸温带种26种；维管束植物被划分为6大生态类群，包括盐生植物24种、水生植物22种、湿生植物35种、中生植物103种、旱生植物6种、沙生植物4种，保护区内湿地植被的建群种、优势种均为水生植物、湿生植物或盐生植物，反映了湿地植被的隐域性；维管束植物按照生活型划分，有20种高位芽植物、4种地上芽植物、54种地面芽植物、48种地下芽植物和68种1年生植物，其中地面芽植物、地下芽植物占区系植物总种数的比例较高，占52.58%，反映冷湿气候和局部低洼积水环境对区系的形成起较重要作用。

With the deflected succession of aquatic ecotype plant functional group,the dominance of mesophytes and xerophytes increased,while the dominance of aquatic and hygric plants decreased. However,there are only planting crops in the reclaimed wetland. In the composition of plant biotype functional group,the hydrophytes reduced quickly with the deflected succession and the dominance of perennial herbs is mostly marked,and there are only annual herbs in reclaimed wetland. Compared with primary swamp,the species diversity index of meadow is the highest,the swampy meadow follows,and the reclaimed wetland is the lowest.

植物的水分生态型功能群组成随湿地的逆行演替，水生、湿生类植物功能群的优势度不断减少，中生、旱生类植物功能群的优势度逐步增加，而在垦后湿地只有农作物；植物生活型功能群组成随湿地的逆行演替，水生草本迅速减少，陆生多年生草本增加占据优势，而在垦后湿地均为一年生草本；湿地植物物种丰富度、多样性指数由原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸到草甸依次增加，草甸为最大值，而垦后湿地则最低。

Flooding,as a kind of disturbance events,occurred with higher and higherfrequency over the world.To investigate the effects of flooding disturbance ongrassland vegetation and the soil,a comparatively thorough study was conducted onAneurolepidium chinense grassland in Songnen plain,Northeast China.The studysite was located in Sanjiadian National Rangeland in the territory of Da'an city,Jilirprovince,which was partly flooded in 1998.On the study site,Several transectssubjected to different flooding durations and intensities were designed for thecomparative study among them on such aspects as vegetation characteristics,seedbanks,vegetative propagation of rhizomatous plants,distribution patterns ofpopulations,interspecific relations,and physio-chemical properties of soil.Theresults were as follows:(1)Of the functional group composition of the vegetation,with the elongation of the flooding duration or the increase of flooding severity,theratio of hygric and hygro-mesic plants increase,while that of mesic and mesoxericplants decrease,of Therophytes changed unimodally,of Geophytes increased,whileof Hemicryptophytes decreased.

为弄清草地植被及其土壤环境对水淹干扰的响应，在松嫩平原羊草草地1998年部分遭受水淹的吉林省大安市三家甸子草场内设置了经历不同水淹干扰持续时间和不同水淹强度的样带，并在这些样带之间从植被特征、种子库特征、根茎植物的营养繁殖性能、种群分布格局、种间关系及土壤的理化性质等多个方面展开对比研究，主要结果如下：(1)在植被的功能群组成中，随干扰强度的增加和水淹干扰持续时间的延长，湿生、湿中生类植物功能群的优势度比例基本上是逐渐增加的，中生、中旱生类植物功能群的优势度比例则逐渐减小，而一年生植物的优势度比例呈单峰型变化，地下芽植物比例增加，地面芽植物比例减小。

Based upon the ecoanatomical method, leaf anatomical characters of eleven populations of six evergreen species (Cyclobalanopsis glauca, C. myrsinaefolia, C. gracilis, Castanopsis sclerophylla, C. eyrei and Lithocarpus glaber) from the eastern subtropical area of China were analyzed and compared with SPSS, DCA and TWINSPAN. The results are: 1. Although the leaf structures of the eleven populations still belong to the mesophyll type, they all express the trend of xerophilization. 2. There are some differences in leaf anatomical characters among populations, species and genera, which occur as the results of their adaptation to different habitats. 3. Different leaf anatomical characters have different variations among populations, species and genera, of which leaf thickness and palisade tissue thickness (considered as ecological adaptation characters) have greater variation than sponge tissue thickness, lower cuticle thickness and lower epidermis thickness (as systematical evolution characters). 4. The leaves of C. sclerophylla and C. glauca with thicker lamina, palisade tissue and cuticle (a multilayered upper epidermis in C. sclerophylla) are thought to better adapt to their dry habitat. The leaves of C. eyrei with thicker sponge tissue, although characterized by a multlayered upper epidermis, adapt to their humid and warm habitat. The leaves of C. myrsinaefolia and C. gracilis characterized by a thinner lamina, a less palisade tissue and a moderate cuticle thickness adapt to the humid and cool habitat in a middle mountain.

选取亚热带东部替代分布明显的壳斗科6种常绿树种（青冈、小叶青冈、细叶青冈、苦槠、甜槠和石栎）的11个种群叶片进行生态解剖，并用SPSS， DCA和TWINSPAN比较分析，结果表明：①尽管6种11个种群叶的结构仍属中生叶型，但有着不同程度的趋旱适应；②叶的解剖性状在属间、种间和种群间均存在着不同程度的差异，这是它们适应各自生境的结果，青冈和石栎的种内差异较大，反映出它们对环境变化有较强响应能力；③叶片的不同解剖性状在属、种类和种群间的变化并不同步，其中叶片和栅栏组织厚度等性状差异突出，反映它们更易受环境的饰变，是生态适应性状，而海绵组织、下角质膜，特别是下表皮厚度等性状差异较小，显示出这些性状的稳定性，可以认为是系统演化性状；④苦槠、青冈具有较厚的叶片、栅栏组织、角质膜和发达输导和机械组织，苦槠还具有复表皮，表现出对旱化生境的适应；甜槠尽管具有复表皮和较厚的叶片，但这是海绵组织增厚的结果，是对中生生境的适应；小叶青冈和细叶青冈具有较薄的叶片和栅栏组织、角质膜厚度居中等特点，可能是对中山凉湿生境的适应。

Result:The stomatic density and characteristic of leaf epidermis and stem epidermis in six Ephedra species was differenc,there were no ob...

结果：6种麻黄属植物之间气孔密度、茎、叶表面特征存在不同程度的差异；气孔表现出典型旱生植物的特征，略下陷，气孔保卫细胞被厚的角质层覆盖，并形成突起状角质唇状物；气孔大小、形状在种之间无明显区别；叶表面、茎表面气孔均属于无规则型，但形状明显不同，前者主要呈长方形或六边形，后者为窄条形或哑铃形。

Result:The stomatic density and characteristic of leaf epidermis and stem epidermis in six Ephedra species was differenc,there were no obvious morphological differences in stoma shape and size.

结果：6种麻黄属植物之间气孔密度、茎、叶表面特征存在不同程度的差异；气孔表现出典型旱生植物的特征，略下陷，气孔保卫细胞被厚的角质层覆盖，并形成突起状角质唇状物；气孔大小、形状在种之间无明显区别；叶表面、茎表面气孔均属于无规则型，但形状明显不同，前者主要呈长方形或六边形，后者为窄条形或哑铃形。

The comparative research results showed that:(1)Thediurnal variation of the net photosynthetic rates in the aquatic leaves was a "double-peak", with an various "midday-decline", the time of the peak value appeared at about 10:00 A.M. and 13:00 P.M., while that in the xeric leaves was showed with invarious peak value and "midday-decline"; The diurnalvariation of transpiration ratesof both aquatic and xeric leaves appeared as a single-peak, the appearance time of peak value of the latter was earlier than the former and gradually decreased in the afternoon; The stomatal conductances appearance time of both of them were close to that of photosynthesisrate ,reached to the maximum in the morning and then gradually decreased: Diurnal variation of intercellular CO2 concentrationshows that: both aquatic and xeric leaves increased at first, and then exhibit a tendency of ascending within narrow range.(2) The net photosynthetic rates, photosyntheticallyactive radiation, stomatal conductances and transpiration ratesof both two kinds of leaves showed positive correlation, The correlation degree among them was prominent, there was significant negative correlation between The net photosynthetic rates and intercellular CO2 concentration.

研究结果表明：(1)水生叶片净光合速率的日变化曲线呈双峰型，出现明显的&午休&现象，峰值出现在10：00左右和13：00左右，但旱生叶片表现出的峰型和&午休&现象不明显；两种叶片的蒸腾速率日变化曲线表现为明显的单峰型，旱生叶峰值出现时间早于水生叶，中午过后逐渐下降；两种叶片气孔导度峰值出现时间和光合速率相近，均表现为上午升高至最高，随后逐渐下降的趋势；两种叶片胞间二氧化碳浓度日变化表现为：整体上先下降，然后有一上升趋势：(2)两种叶片的光合速率与光合有效辐射、气孔导度、蒸腾速率呈正相关，全部达到显著水平；光合速率与胞间CO2浓度显著负相关。

Xeromorphic structure reflected tree top leaves with stronger adaptability to water stress,and suggested that they were under water stress condition.

上部叶片趋于旱生型的形态解剖结构特征反映出了其在结构上具有较强的适应水分胁迫的能力，证实其遭受了水分胁迫。

It proves that tree top leaves suffer from water stress and hydraulic limitation becomes greater with tree height.Water stress influence tree height growth in several aspects:firstly is the influence of exterior water condition,and community average tree height is positive with exterior water condition.Secondly, hydraulic limitation influences individual tree structure and function.Xeromorphic structure,Lower water potential and turgor pressure limit cell division and expansion,which restrict gas exchange and carbon assimilation capability.However,respiration consumption increases with the spread of tree crown.Shortage of nutrient limits carbon investigation on new leave growth and may ultimately limit tree growth.Thus,the main limitation of tree height is water.

水分对树高生长的限制首先是外在的水分状况，群落的总体高度随外界水分状况的变差而变矮；再就是水力限制对单株树木的结构和功能的影响，水势降低、膨压减小使细胞的分裂和扩展受限，旱生型结构加剧水力对气体交换能力的限制、使光合碳同化能力受到限制、而呼吸消耗却随着树木个体的增大而增大，制造营养物质不足、使得营养亏缺、造成投入新枝叶的营养受限，最终限制了树高继续增长。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。