日本

Both Russia and Japan coveted control of Korea and Manchuria. In February 1904, the Japanese launched a surprise attack against the British garrison in Port Arthur, laying siege to the town. In May 1905, the Russian fleet, which had come to Port Arthur's aid, was destroyed in the naval battle at Tsushima, confirming the Japanese victory. The Russian capitulation, signed in September 1905, gave Japan control of Korea.

俄国和日本同时觊觎对朝鲜和满洲的控制权。1904年2月，日本对在旅顺口的英国驻军发动了突然袭击并包围了旅顺口。1905年5月，前来旅顺口援助的俄国舰队在对马海战中被摧毁从而确认了日本的胜利。1905年9月，日俄两国签订了休战书，日本取得了对朝鲜的控制权。

Due to the Anpo mechanism, there emerges a contradiction between the Article 9 of its constitution and the new security treaty, giving rise to an internal dispute on the unconstitutionality and the concern over the validity of the Self Defense Forces and causing an argument over the priority of the constitution and the Anpo Treaty. Although Japan is planning to resort to constitutional amendments to solve the problem, due to lack of internal consensus, it remains a long way to go before the controversy could be finally removed.What needs Taiwan's close attention is that how to respond if Japan successfully solves the contradiction of the Article 9, improves its military buildup and change its measures towards the territorial and sovereignty dispute.

但随著国际情势发展，日本极欲走出经济大国、政治小国的窘境，却因为在安保体制下，日本宪法第九条与日美安保条约规范内容形成法与政治对立，引发违宪争议及自卫队合法性等问题，致使国内存在宪法与条约何者为优位争论；其后更影响日本自卫队参与联合国维和行动之规模与形式，无法获得国际社会及日本民众的多数认同，尤其是日本民众普遍赞成自卫队参与国际救灾及人道救援等行动，但对於其他更积极的维和行动则倾向於维持现行规模，不宜更积极参与，以免触及修宪及卷入战争等严肃议题。

In the chance of Qing Terminal New Deal, Japan attracted Chinese young people to study in Japan so as to bring up emotion to Japan, and attempted to inoculate these ridgepoles with asianism and militarism. Besides, Japan dispatched flock of counselors, teachers and technologists. Many of these people were espionages, they received orders from the Japanese government, and they butt in Chinese affairs and detect information as teacher or consultant.

为了不使中国在被日本独霸之前被其它国家瓜分，日本打着&保全中国&的幌子，以帮助清朝新政为契机，吸收中国学生到日本留学，培养中国人的亲日西南交通大学硕士研究生学位论文第日页感情，并企图对这些国家栋梁灌输亚洲主义、军国主义等思想；此外，还向中国派遣大量的顾问、教习和技术人员，其中大量谍报谋略人员身负重任，以教习顾问的身份为掩护，插手中国事务，探取中国的情报，并妄图以日本的方式&改造&中国。

For the five-and-a-half years of Junichiro Koizumi's tenure, it became a clich of Sino-Japan relations that economics were red hot, while politics were frigidly cold.

在小泉纯一郎五年半的日本首相任期内，&政冷经热&成了中日关系的常态。2001年小泉上台之时，日本国内普遍认为，中国连续不断的廉价商品供应，将&掏空&日本的工业，加剧日本的通货紧缩。

The five-and-a-half years of Junichiro Koizumi's tenure, it became a cliché of Sino-Japan relations that economics were red hot, while politics were frigidly cold.

在小泉纯一郎五年半的日本首相任期内，&政冷经热&成了中日关系的常态。2001年小泉上台之时，日本国内普遍认为，中国连续不断的廉价商品供应，将&掏空&日本的工业，加剧日本的通货紧缩。

The friendly relations between Hunan and Japan can be traced back to over 100 years ago, when China sent around 12,000 students to Japan for cultural exchanges and further study, and among them, one third are Hunanese. And nowadays, Japan is also the country that has granted the most non-reimbursable assistances to Hunan.

中日建交后，湖南与日本各县町关系稳步发展。1983年，湖南省与日本滋贺县因&湖&结缘，缔结了友好省县关系，此后，湖南与日本相继结友好城8对，包括湖南的长沙、湘潭、岳阳、汩罗、醴陵、衡阳、常德、邵阳，日本的鹿儿岛、瑞浪、栗东、沼津等。

CYBERWAND double catheters ultrasound lithoclast master, Swiss EMS ultrasonic pneumatic lithotripsy lithotomy system, American holmium laser, German neodymium laser, Japan Olympus Digital high-definition endoscopy system, Japan Olympus E-duodenoscopy, Germany WOLF percutaneous nephrolithotomy, Germany WOLF ureteroscopy, Japan Olympus E-cystoscopy, Japan Olympus fiber soft nephrolithotomy, the fifth generation of electromagnetic waves lithotripsy system, IR stone composition analyzer, Siemens digital X-ray imaging system, GE Real-time dynamic three-dimensional color Doppler, Olympus resectoscope plasma, C-arm mobile X-ray machine and other international advanced equipments.

医院配备美国CYBERWAND双导管碎石清石系统、瑞士第四代EMS超声气压弹道碎石清石系统、美国钬激光、德国钕激光、日本奥林巴斯数码高清内窥镜系统、日本奥林巴斯电子十二指肠镜、德国WOLF经皮肾镜、德国WOLF输尿管镜、日本奥林巴斯电子膀胱镜、日本奥林巴斯纤维软性肾镜、第五代电磁波体外碎石系统、红外光谱结石成份分析仪、西门子数码X光成像系统、GE三维实时动态彩超、奥林巴斯等离子电切镜、C型臂移动式X光机等国际先进设备；严格按照世界卫生社团认定的诊疗标准，导入JCI认证体系；制定严格的疾病诊疗临床路径，为结石病患者提供全方位国际程度的诊疗服务。

Indeed, Japan' s plundering in China helped with the development of the Japanese capitalism.

近代中国的失败对日本起了警世作用，中国一方面成为日本面对西方列强侵略的屏障，另一方面又成为日本侵略的对象，对中国的掠夺促进了日本资本主义的发展。

Japan colonizes the government to think " Japanese and Taiwanese Get Marriage each other " can let the Taiwan person assimilate to Japan melts impels this policy, but " Japanese and Taiwanese Get Marriage each other " lets the Japanese assimilate in fact melts to Taiwan instead exceeds lets the Taiwan person assimilate to Japan melts, by above may know colonizes the government policy the influence speaking of the common populace, is not solid as for the depth.

日本殖民政府以为「内台共婚」会让台湾人同化於日本化而推动此一政策，但事实上「内台共婚」让日本人同化於台湾化反而胜过让台湾人同化於日本化，由上述可知殖民政府政策的影响对一般民众而言，不至於深固。

Those efforts have not always paid off — for example, plans to double competitive funding between 2001 and 2005 fell short because the economy couldn't keep up and the science budget plateaued.

在过去的十年里，日本一直挣扎于经济萧条和国际专利纠纷之中，同时又受到来自崛起中的中国的竞争。日本政府官员多次寻求加大日本国内的科研竞争，以使日本科学家在国际舞台上更加强大。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。