无菌法

This feature render Nano-ZnO can be appliable to fish culture, medical facillities, therapeutics and so on. In this paper, three different laboratorial techniques were applied to study the antibacterial effects of Nano-ZnO.

本文采取定性法、试管法及抑菌圈法研究阳光照射、荧光照射及无光照条件对纳米ZnO抗菌性能的影响，并对结果进行比较分析。

With two methods, plate cultivation and the novel semi-solid in situ cultivation method, strains belong to Family Leptothrix were isolated. XRF showed that the amorphous iron and manganese were two major metal elements of the precipitation formed by one strain of Leptothrix spp..

研究发现，铁细菌2号培养基为合适的分离培养基；采用平板涂布法分离出的2株氧化铁和锰的细菌，经系统发育地位的分析确定为纤发菌属；对运动纤发菌的产物分析确定无定形铁和锰为其主要金属元素；形态观察确定霍氏纤发菌呈树枝状鞘结构，而运动纤发菌呈蛛网状鞘结构。

In filicophytes, there was a relatively high ratio of VA mycotrophy in the eusporangiates, and there was no autotrophic in the eusporangiates; but the ratio of autotrophic was up to 71%, and the ratioes of VA mycotrophic and facultative mycotrophic were low, 15% and 14% respectively in the leptosporangiates.

用碱解离、酸性品红染色法对云南热带、亚热带自然生长和部分移栽到温室中的256种（拟蕨类植物20种，真蕨类植物236种）蕨类植物孢子体的VA菌根状况进行了调查研究，结果发现，在拟蕨类植物中，孢子体只存在兼性VA菌根营养和自养两种菌根营养类型，两种类型，两种类型所占的比例相当；在真蕨类植物中，厚囊蕨类植物VA菌根营养的比例较高（92%），且无自养类型；而在薄囊蕨类植物中，自养型占71%，VA菌根营养和兼性菌根营养所占的比例都不高，分别是15%和14%。

The antimicrobial activities were determined with paper disc diffusion method. The result showed that of Sapindus mukorossi extracts only inhibited Candida albicans and no antimicrobial activities to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pityrosporum ovale and Propionibacterium acnes.

配制无患子溶液进行抗菌试验，以圆盘滤纸扩散法分析，结果显示甲、乙、丙、丁醇溶液样品，唯对白色念珠菌具抑制效果，而对另外5种菌种(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、皮屑芽孢菌、痤疮杆菌)无明显抗菌效果。

objective to establish immunological methods specific for detecting antigens in different groups of monoclonal antibodies.methods indirect immnofluorescence assay was applied to identify specificity of the two groups of monoclonal antibodies prepared with crude antigen and recombinant antigen of aspergillus fumigatus,respectively.two different double monoclonal antibody sandwich elisa assays established with the two groups of antibodies were performed to detect antigents in the cell culture supermatants of 19 common species of aspergillus,penicillium marneffei,and 5 species of candidas.results the results of indirect immnofluorescence assay indicated that the monoclonal antibodies prepared with crude antigen of aspergillus fumigatus were specific for antigens in both clinical isolates and environmental isolates of aspergillus, whereas the other group of monoclonal antibodies was proved to be specific for aspergillus fumigatus of both clinical and environmental isolates.the elisa assay established with the crude antigen-specfic monoclonal antibodies could detect both of the clinical and environmental isolates of aspergllius, while the other assay could only detect aspergillus fumigatus of both clinical and environmental isolates.and no cross reaction with the cell culture of penialllium marneffei and candidas was observed with the two methods.conclusion the elisa assays can detect both of the clinical and environmental isolates of aspergillus,and differentiate aspergillus fumigatus from other species of aspergillus.

目的 用2组曲霉单克隆抗体建立特异性识别不同种类曲霉抗原的检测方法。方法采用天然烟曲霉抗原免疫，获得广谱针对曲霉抗原的单克隆抗体；采用重组烟曲霉抗原获得特异性针对烟曲霉抗原的单克隆抗体，用间接免疫荧光鉴定，并分别建立2种双抗体夹心elisa法，对19种常见的环境和临床分离曲霉株、马尔尼菲氏青霉菌及念珠菌培养液进行检测。结果间接免疫荧光显示，用天然烟曲霉抗原免疫获得的单克隆抗体(mabs-1)可广谱识别多种曲霉分离株，而重组烟曲霉抗原获得的单克降抗体(mabs-2)仅能特异性结合临床和环境分离的烟曲霉抗原。用mabs-1建立的双抗体夹心elisa法可检测19种常见曲霉株培养液；用特异性针对烟曲霉抗原单克降抗体(mabs-2)建立的双抗体夹心elisa法可特异性检测临床和环境分离株烟曲霉培养液；与其他曲霉株无交叉反应；2种双抗体夹心elisa法与马尔尼菲氏青霉菌及念珠菌培养液均无交叉反应。

Methods After Candida albicans were inoculated into the specific pathogen free mice, the total amount of Candidas in cecum and the amount of which attached to the mucosal membrane were counted at different interent intervals. The lymphocyte proliferation in Peyer's patch and in lamina proper was shown by BrdU incorporation, meanwhile B cells isotype switch in PP was investigated. IgA plasma cells were shown by immunohistochemical staining. Specific IgA antibodies to Candida albicans were measured with ELISA.

采用无特殊病原菌动物经口喂入白念菌，在不同时相处死后，观察肠内白念菌总数及肠粘膜表面白念菌粘附数量；取肠系膜淋巴结做白念菌选择培养，观察移位体内发生率；采用Brdu体内掺入显示局部粘膜淋巴细胞的增殖情况；流式细胞计数潘伊尔氏结细胞表面IgA阳性率；免疫组化染色后计数固有层中IgA浆细胞数量变化；ELISA法测定肠粘液中特异抗白念菌IgA含量。

The results show that though the strain is growing slower in the nitrogen-free medium than in the nitrogen-containing medium, the content of capsular polysaccharides produced by the strain in the nitrogen-free medium is higher than those in the nitrogen-containing medium, the content of capsular polysaccharides produced by the strain in the nitrogen-free medium is higher than those in the nitrogen-containing medium. The capsular polysaccharides produced by the strain in the culture which contains different mineral powders will reach the highest content on the third or the fourth day in its growing period. The strain's capability of releasing potassium from k-feldspar and biotite in the nitrogen-containing medium is higher than that in the nitrogen-free medium because in the nitrogen-free medium, the strain and its production of glucoprotein are less than those in the nitrogen-containing medium.

结果表明，尽管该菌在无氮培养条件下的菌体数量远小于有氮培养条件，但无氮培养条件下所提取的细菌多糖多于在有氮条件下培养所提取的细菌多糖；胶质芽孢杆菌在以添加钾长石粉或黑云母粉制作的无氮培养基中生长可形成大量多糖，采用丙酮法进行细菌培养液多糖提取，发现细菌培养的第3天所提多糖含量最高；胶质芽孢杆菌在以添加钾长石粉或黑云母粉制作的有氮培养基中生长亦可形成较多的多糖，且在细菌培养的第4天所提多糖含量最高；胶质芽孢杆菌在有氮条件下对含钾矿物的释钾率高于在无氮条件下的释钾率，这可能与该菌在有氮条件下生长更快、可产生较多菌体细胞有关。

Ninety seven spores or sporocarps of VAMF were wet sieved from the rhizosphere soil of mycorrhized pteridophytes, from which 25 VAMF species which belonged to the genera of Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus, Sclerocystis and Scutellospora respectively were identified, and the taxonomic characters of the 25 species were described. The Glomus fungi were the dominant VAMF in the rhizosphere soil of pteridophytes, they took up 44% in the identified 25 VAMF (11 species belong to Glomus); the fungi in Acaulospora and Sclerocystis in the next place, they took up 24% and 16% respectively in the identified VAMF; the fungi in the other genera took up 16%. In terms of the relationships of pteridophytes and the VAMF isolated from their rhizosphere soil, there was no specifity between the VAMF and their host.

从具有VA菌根的蕨类植物对应的根际土壤中用湿筛法筛取了97份VA菌根真菌的孢子或孢子果，从中鉴定出了分属于无醒囊霉属、巨孢囊霉属、球囊霉属、硬囊霉属和盾孢囊霉属的VA菌根真菌25种，并对这25种真菌的分类学特征进行了描述；球囊霉属真菌是蕨类植物根际土壤中的优势类群，已鉴定的25种真菌中，有11种属球囊霉属真菌，占44%，其次是无梗囊霉属和硬囊霉属真菌，分别占24%和16%，其他属的VA菌根真菌占16%，从分离鉴定的蕨类植物根际土壤中的VA菌根真菌与蕨类植物的关系看，VA菌根真菌与蕨类植物之间无明显的专一性。

With the aid of an assistant, the foot is inserted into a pillowcase, and the edges of the case are held together with a towel clip. To make a compact mass of these rather voluminous drapes, a sterile bandage is wrapped snugly from the toes proximally to the proximal edge of the towel and pillowcase. Alternatively, a sterile stockinette rolled from the toes to the groin can be used. The area over the knee is cut away as described in the section on draping the edges of the incision. The stockinette is then covered with a sterile bandage to just below the knee.

在助手帮助下将足插入枕套，枕套边缘由巾钳固定在一起，为使其紧凑，可用消毒绷带从足趾缠绕至治疗巾和枕套的近端边缘，也可改用消毒的弹力织物从足趾套至腹股沟，膝关节表面的织物应于切除，如同切口周围铺单中介绍的方法，这种弹力织物在膝关节以下的部分用无菌绷带缠绕固定，其余铺单方法与足部铺单相同。

With the aid of an assistant, the foot is inserted into a pillowcase, and the edges of the case are held together with a towel clip. To make a compact mass of these rather voluminous drapes, a sterile bandage is wrapped snugly from the toes proximally to the proximal edge of the towel and pillowcase. Alternatively, a sterile stockinette rolled from the toes to the groin can be used. The area over the knee is cut away as described in the section on draping the edges of the incision. The stockinette is then covered with a sterile bandage to just below the knee. The remainder of the drapes are placed as described for the foot.

在助手帮助下将足插入枕套，枕套边缘由巾钳固定在一起，为使其紧凑，可用消毒绷带从足趾缠绕至治疗巾和枕套的近端边缘，也可改用消毒的弹力织物从足趾套至腹股沟，膝关节表面的织物应于切除，如同切口周围铺单中介绍的方法，这种弹力织物在膝关节以下的部分用无菌绷带缠绕固定，其余铺单方法与足部铺单相同。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。