无编码的

Information technology - Lossy/lossless coding of bi -level images; Amendment 1: Encoder

信息技术。二值图像的有损耗/无损耗编码。修改件1：编码器

Topics include: mathematical definition and properties of information; source coding theorem, lossless compression of data, optimal lossless coding; noisy communication channels, channel coding theorem, the source-channel separation theorem, multiple access channels, broadcast channels, Gaussian noise, and time-varying channels.

课程主题包括：针对「资讯」的明确数学定义及性质描述；信源编码理论、无失真资料压缩技术、最佳化无错误编码；杂讯干扰的通讯频道解析、频道编码理论、资讯来源-通道编码分离理论、多重存取频道解析，广播型态频道解析、高斯杂讯及多变量时间频道解析。

The topics covered include the basic concepts of information theory--entropy, mutual information, channel capacity, information rate, Shannon's noiseless coding theorem and Shannon's fundamental coding theorem; modeling of information sources--zero-memory and Markov models; modeling of information channels--BSC and BEC channels, additivity of information and cascaded channels; construction of compact source codes--Kraft inequality, compact codes, Huffman and LZW compression codes; and analysis and design of error-control channel codes--Hamming distance, binary linear codes and the parity-check matrix, Hamming codes, checksum codes, cyclic codes and the generator polynomial and CRC codes.

课程的内容包括：信息论的基本概念（熵、交互信息、信道容量、信息率、 Shannon无噪声编码定理和Shannon基本编码定理）、信源模型（无记忆模型和Markov模型）、信息信道模型（BSC 和 BEC模型、信息的可加性和级联信道），紧致信源编码设计（Kraft不等式，紧致编码，Huffman 和LZW压缩编码）以及差错控制信道码的设计与分析（海明距离，二元线性码，奇偶校验矩阵，海明码，校验和，循环码，生成多项式和CRC码）。

In computer science , Huffman coding is an entropy encoding algorithm used for lossless data compression .

在计算机信息处理中，"哈夫曼编码"是一种一致性编码法，用于数据的无损耗压缩。

The present invention relates to a method for heuristically starting up DC brushless servo electric machine, including the following steps of (1) after powerup of an increment type photoelectric encoder, electrifying a stator winding two by two with identical time interval to generate six-directional stator winding resultant magnetic fields;(2) detecting six different angles rotated by the rotor within identical tiny time interval by the photoelectric encoder;(3) selecting most positive value rotation angle from the six different angles, and determining maximum torque corresponding to the stator winding resultant magnetic field, and implementing servo startup using the maximum torque as constant starting torque;(4) after the zero-point signal of the photoelectric encoder occurring, switching to servo operation with normal constant torsion.

本发明直流无刷伺服电机试探启动方法，采用如下步骤：(1)增量式光电编码器上电后对定子绕组采用相同的时间间隔两两通电，顺序产生六个方向的定子绕组合成磁场；(2)由增量式光电编码器检测出转子在相同的微小时间间隔内分别转过的六个不同的角度；(3)从转子六个不同的角度中选出最大正值的转角，确定相应定子绕组合成磁场对应的最大转矩，并以该最大转矩为恒定启动转矩进行伺服启动；(4)当增量式光电编码器零点信号出现后，切换为正常恒转矩伺服运行。

In this paper, we studied M. meretrix ferritin, cathepsin B and caspase genes, which are involved in clam larval shell formation, nutrition, metabolism and apoptosis, respectively. We have cloned the three genes, investigated the temporal and spatial expression profile both at gene and protein level in trochophore (L1), D-veliger (L2), pediveliger (L3) and postlarvae (L4). The potential roles of these proteins were analyzed with specific inhibitors during larval development. Firstly, embryos were found developed into trochophore-like larvae with no shell if cultured at gastrula stage in artificial seawater without iron. Shell-like structures were formed only in the presence of iron. The larvae which had been transferred at L1 stage into ASW developed normal shell. This indicated that iron and iron associated protein are important for larval shell formation. The EST sequence which is homologous with ferritin, which is a principal iron metabolic protein, was selected from the M. meretrix cDNA library. The full-length of ferritin subunit cDNA was cloned by RACE. The results of real-time PCR revealed that the MmeFer mRNA expression changed before and after the larval shell formation.

本论文以文蛤幼虫为研究对象，分别对文蛤幼虫发育过程中贝壳形成相关的铁蛋白、营养及变态相关的组织蛋白酶B及变态过程中细胞凋亡相关的caspase三个基因进行了克隆，分析了基因及编码蛋白在担轮幼虫期(L1)、D形幼虫期(L2)、壳顶幼虫期(L3)和稚贝期(L4)的时空表达特征，解析了其可能的功能，并研究了相应酶类的特异性抑制剂作用对幼虫发育过程的影响，进行了目标蛋白的功能验证，详述如下：研究结果显示，在文蛤胚胎发育到原肠胚时放入不含铁离子的人工海水中培养，发育成无壳的畸形，随着人工海水中铁离子添加浓度的升高，幼虫长出壳状组织接近正常状态；而发育到L1期幼虫放入不含铁离子的人工海水中培养却可以发育出正常的壳，推测铁和铁代谢相关蛋白在幼虫贝壳初始形成有重要的作用。

In this study, we discussed the phylogenetic relationships in the Anura groups with the sequences of the 12 proteins encoded in the H-strand and 22 tRNAs of mtDNA from 21 species from GenBank. They all indicated that Anura were divided into the Archaeobatrachia and the Neobatrachia,these results supported the monophyletic origin of Anura.

结合饰纹姬蛙和金线蛙的mtDNA以及GenBank上公布的共21种无尾目的线粒体基因组，本文基于编码重链12个蛋白质的基因和编码22个tRNA的基因分别构建了MP系统树，分析了21种无尾目动物的亲缘关系，结果都显示将无尾目分为两大群，支持无尾目的单系起源。

There are no distinct differences between ancestral character state and descendant character state in some characters. 4. Only one outgroup can't give enough information to tell what the ancestor looks like. It make us not to understand how a lot of charactors evolved. 5. The matsutake group is polyphyletic. 6. The character coding is not precise enough. 7. Some characters are not homology. The result of molecular systematic study on the matstuake group shows the group is not monophyletic. The matsutake group is more closed to Tricholoma than Armillaria. ITS sequence of Catathelasma ventricosum is nearly identical to that of the matsutake group, although apparently they are very different from each other in morphological characters.

对松口蘑群通过形态学特征进行系统发育关系分析造成很大的干扰的原因有：松口蘑的种类大多形态特征比较简单，可提供进行分析的特征不多；某些性状在一些状态之间的反复转化，造成分析上的误差；在进化过程中某些性状无明显的祖征和衍征，在分析过程中很难确定进化极性；选择外群时应该用一个特定类群进行整体理解后，确定各个性状的极性，不要只用单种作为外群；松口蘑群是一个多系群；进行比较的性状不一定是同源的；数量性状编码过于粗放，反映不出真实的情况。

Glioma is still one of refractory disease in the neurosurgical field; the development of new primary and adjuvant treatment is vital. Recently, the gene therapy of glioma is developed rapidly and there are many methods about the gene therapy that include: suicide gene therapy, immunologic gene therapy, drug resistangce gene therapy, angiostatin gene therapy and so on. The sucide gene therapy is the most potential approach of antitumer, these nonmammalian genes encode enzyme that convert nontoxic prodrugs into highly toxic metablites. Cells transfected with suicide genes are targeted for specific negative selection, witch can be induced by administrtion of the corresponding produg. Among the enzyme/produg combinations, two of the best characterized system are herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase /ganciclovir and Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase /5-flourocytosine (5-FC). The formor can convert the antiviral nucleoside analogs acyclovir , ganciclovir to their nucleoside monophosphate derivatives, the monophosphate forms are subsequently phosphorylated by endogenus cellular kinases to triphosphates, these molecules are potent inhibitors of DNA synthesis.

近年来脑胶质瘤的基因治疗发展迅速，应运而生的方法有自杀基因、免疫基因、多药耐药基因以及抗血管生成基因等，其中自杀基因被认为是最有前景的基因治疗方法，它又称病毒介导的酶／药物前体疗法，是利用转基因技术将哺乳动物细胞中所不含有的自杀基因转入到哺乳动物肿瘤细胞中，该基因表达的产物可将无毒的药物前体转化为毒性药物，从而选择性杀伤该肿瘤细胞，常用的自杀基因有单纯疱疹病毒-胸苷激酶基因和大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因，前者催化无毒性抗病毒核苷类似物如丙氧鸟苷、无环鸟苷等成为单磷酸核苷衍生物，然后在内源性细胞激酶作用下转化为具有明显毒性的三磷酸核苷，作为DNA合成链的终止剂和DNA合成酶的抑制剂，干扰细胞DNA的合成；后者编码的胞嘧啶脱氨酶可催化5-氟胞嘧啶（5-FC）脱氨成为5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU），然后代谢为有毒性的5-氟尿嘧啶-5′三磷酸（5-FUTP）和5-氟-2′脱氧尿嘧啶-5′磷酸（5-FdUTP），5-FUTP通过与UTP竞争性结合而抑制mRNA和tRNA的合成，5-FdUTP则作用于胸苷合成酶，导致TMP衰竭而阻止DNA的合成，最终诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。

Based on the idea of type systems, this paper reengineers a new set of type expressions and a type system for machine code of Intel/x86s infrastructure Although machine language program is a binary untyped code, types of its registers and memory exist implicitly in semantics of instructions The type inferring algorithm built on type systems can statically infer safety of the machine code The machine language discussed includes some of important characters, such as jumps, function call, return, and so on, and shows that the approach can be applied to type checking for low level code of other infrastructures

根据类型系统思想，为Intel/x86体系结构的机器语言重新定义了类型表达式并建立一套类型系统机器语言代码虽然是一种无类型的二进制编码，但其类型信息被隐含在指令的操作语义中，利用建立在类型系统基础之上的类型推理算法可以静态地推理机器代码的安全性由于所讨论的机器语言包含了跳转、函数调用和返回等主要指令，因此，这种静态检查方法可广泛应用于其他体系结构的低级语言代码的检查中

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。