无生的

Flowers small to medium-sized, bracteate and often bracteolate, bisexual or unisexual, actinomorphic or rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous to epigynous, floral cup shallow to urn-shaped, sometimes absent; sepals 4 or 5(–10), sometimes absent, imbricate, usually persistent; petals absent or 4 or 5, yellow, white, greenish or red, often ribbonlike and circinate in bud, caducous; stamens 4, 5, or many, free, rarely arranged in 2 whorls with the inner whorl staminodal, development of polyandrous androecia centripetal or centrifugal; anthers basifixed, thecae mostly bisporangiate, each opening by two valves or a simple longitudinal slit, or monosporangiate and opening by a single valve (Exbucklandia, Hamamelis and the genera of the S hemisphere), connective protruding; disk scales sometimes present between stamens and carpels.

花小对中型，具苞片和通常，萼片4或5(-10)，有时无，覆瓦状，通常宿存；花瓣无或者4-5，黄色，白色，带绿色或者红，通常在芽期带状的并且拳卷，早落；雄蕊4，5，或者很多，离生，很少2轮生并且退化雄蕊内部轮生，多雄蕊的雄蕊群向心或离花药基着大多为的囊bisporangiate，以二裂爿或一单纵裂缝每开阔的，花盘鳞片有时片在雄蕊和心皮之间存在。

Male flowers pedicellate or sessile; sepals 4-6, distinct, usually unequal, imbricate; petals absent; stamens 1-25, 1 to several whorls surrounding disk or outer ones inserted at margin or sinus of disk, inner ones inserted on disk; filaments free; anthers bilocular, usually introrse, rarely extrorse, longitudinally dehiscent; disk flattened or concave, margin shallowly or deeply fid; rudimentary ovary very small or absent.

雄花有花梗或无梗；萼片4-6，离生，通常不等长，覆瓦状；花瓣无；雄蕊1-25，1或数轮围绕花盘或外轮着生于花盘边缘或凹缺，内轮着生于花盘；花丝离生花药具2室，通常内向，很少外向，纵向开裂；花盘扁平或凹，边缘浅或深裂；不发育子房非常小的或无。

Petiole 0.8-1.2 cm, glabrous; leaf blade elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 7-12(-16)× 2.5-4.5(-5.5) cm, leathery, abaxially pale green, brown glandular punctate, hirtellous near base especially along midvein but glabrescent, and becoming yellowish brown when dry, adaxially dark green,± rugulose, and glabrous, midvein, secondary, and reticulate veins abaxially raised and adaxially impressed, secondary veins 8 or 9 on each side of midvein, base broadly cuneate to obtuse, margin bluntly denticulate, apex shortly acuminate to acuminate. Flowers subterminal, solitary, ca.

叶柄0.8-1.2厘米，无毛；叶片椭圆形到长圆形椭圆形， 7-12(-16)* 2.5-4.5(-5.5)厘米，革质，苍绿色，棕色腺体具点，具微糙硬毛的近基部特别是沿中脉但是后脱落，并且干燥时成为黄棕色，正面深绿色，多少微皱，并且无毛，中脉，次脉，和网脉背面突起和正面凹陷，次脉在中脉两边各8或9，花近顶生，单生，直径约4厘米，近无柄。

Stipules green, falcate, rarely ovate or ovate-lanceolate, herbaceous, margin sharply serrate or lobed, rarely entire, apex acute or acuminate; petiole sparsely pilose or pubescent; leaf blade interrupted imparipinnate with (2 or)3 or 4 pairs of leaflets, reduced to 3 leaflets on upper leaves; leaflets sessile or shortly petiolulate, obovate, obovate-elliptic, or obovate-lanceolate, 1.5–5 × 1–2.5 cm, abaxially appressed pilose on veins, or densely pubescent or tomentose-pubescent between veins, rarely glabrescent, markedly or sparsely glandular punctate, adaxially pilose, or hirsute or hirtellous on veins, rarely glabrescent, base cuneate to broadly so, margin acutely to obtusely serrate, apex rounded to acute, rarely acuminate. Inflorescence terminal, spicate-racemose, branched or not; rachis pilose.

绿色，镰刀形的托叶，卵形或卵状披针形的很少，草本，边缘锐切成锯齿状或者有叶，很少全缘，先端锐尖或渐尖；叶柄疏生柔毛或短柔毛；叶片间断奇数羽状具(2或)3或4小叶，退化至3小叶在上部叶片上；短的小叶无柄或具小叶柄，倒卵形，倒卵状椭圆形，披针形或倒卵形， 1.5-5 * 1-2.5 厘米，背面的贴伏的具柔毛的在脉上，在脉之间的或密被短柔毛的或被绒毛的短柔毛，很少脱落无毛显著具点，正面具柔毛的或疏生腺体，或具粗毛或在脉上，很少脱落无毛，基部楔形到宽楔形，花序顶生，穗状总状，与否的分枝；轴具柔毛。

Basal leaves 2-6, long petiolate; stipules over 1/2 adnate to petioles, broadly lanceolate, membranous, margin sparsely denticulate and ciliate or entire, apex acuminate; petioles 3-9 cm at anthesis, usually green, sometimes purplish, glabrous, nitid, elongated at fruiting to more than 20 cm; leaf blade glabrous on both surfaces or pubescent along veins, 3-sect, segments shortly stipitate, lateral segments deeply 2-fid, central segment deeply 2- or 3-fid, terminal lobes highly variable in shape and size, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, oblong, or linear-lanceolate, margin irregularly dentate or shallowly divided, sometimes triparted to pinnatiparted or 3-lobed, apex obtuse or acute.

基生叶2-6，具长叶柄；托叶超过1/2的贴生至叶柄，宽披针形，膜，边缘疏生细齿和具缘毛或全缘，先端渐尖；叶柄3-9厘米在花期，通常绿色，有时略带紫色，无毛，有光泽的，在果期拉长到超过20厘米；叶片两面无毛沿脉具短柔毛，3全裂，裂片具短柄，侧裂片2深裂，中裂片2或3深裂，顶裂片形状和大小极易变，卵状披针形，披针形，长圆形，或线状披针形，边缘不规则牙齿或浅裂，有时3深裂到羽状深裂或3浅裂，先端钝或锐尖。

Ovary superior or semi-inferior, 1-loculed, with 2-9 parietal placentas, rarely incompletely 2-9-celled by placentas protruding deeply into locule; ovules 2 or more on each placenta, orthotropous, anatropous, or hemi-anatropous; styles isomerous with placentas, free or partly to completely united, rarely absent, stigmas small or large, capitate to flattened and branched.

子房上位和半下位，1室，有2-9侧膜胎座，很少不完全的2-9室，胎座凸出深入进子房室；每个胎座内胚珠2或更多，直生，倒生或者半倒生；花柱和胎座同数，离生，或部分到完全合生，很少无花柱，柱头小或者大，头状到扁平或者分枝。

Male flowers: sepals 5, imbricate, slightly connate at base; petals 5, imbricate, free, sometimes coherent or connate at base; disk glands 5, free or connate into ring; stamens 8-12, sometimes more, in 2-6 series; filaments at least partly connate, sometimes inner filaments connate into a column; pistillode filamentous or absent.

雄花 萼片5，覆瓦状，稍合生在基部；花瓣5，覆瓦状，离生，有时连着的或在基部合生；花盘腺体5，离生或合生为环状；雄蕊8-12，有时更多，在2-6 轮；花丝部分至少合生，有时内部花丝合生为柱子；退化雌蕊丝状的或无。

Male flowers small, yellow, fascicled in axils of bracts; calyx membranous, cup-shaped, shallowly 2- or 3-lobed or -dentate; petals absent; disk absent; stamens 2-3; filaments free; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent; pistillode absent.

雄花小，变黄，在苞片腋内簇生；花萼膜质，杯状的，2-3浅裂的或具牙齿花瓣无；花盘无；雄蕊2-3；花丝离生花药2室，纵向开裂；无退化雌蕊。

Leaves alternate; stipules lanceolate, 4-8 mm; petiole 2-11(-13) cm, pubescent or glabrous; leaf blade ovate, elliptic, oblong or subelliptic,(5-)9-21 × 2.5-10 cm, papery, slightly rough, secondary veins 3 or 4 pairs along midvein, abaxial surface strigillose or pubescent on veins, rarely glabrous, adaxial surface sparsely appressed strigillose or glabrous, base broadly cuneate, rounded, or obtuse, margin denticulate, apex acuminate or caudate-acuminate. Glomerules usually unisexual, sometimes bisexual, in the axils of current and fallen leaves along normal leafy stems, 4-10 mm in diam.; male ones on proximal part of flower-bearing branches; female ones on distal part.

叶互生 托叶披针形，4-8毫米；叶柄2-11(-13)厘米，被短柔毛或无毛；叶片卵形，椭圆形，长方形或，( 5-)9-21 * 2.5-10 厘米，纸质，粗糙的稍，次脉3或4 对沿中脉，背面具短糙伏毛的或短柔毛在脉上，很少无毛，正面疏生贴伏具短糙伏毛的或无毛，通常单性的团伞花序，有时两性，在正常生叶的茎的叶和脱落叶的腋内，直径4-10毫米；在忍受花的分枝的下部上的雄性的；在上部上的雌性的。

Prophylls absent. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, main lateral veins all basal; reticulate veins inconspicuous. Flowers bisexual, very small, often within depressions in rachis, sessile.

先出叶无。叶互生，对生，或轮生，主要侧脉全部基部；网脉不明显花两性，很小，在在轴，无梗里的沮丧内的通常。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。