无毒的

More than fourty avirulence genes have been cloned from plant path...

目前，已经从植物病原物中克隆了40多个无毒基因，其中只有6个无毒基因是从植物病原真菌中克隆到的。

More than fourty avirulence genes have been cloned from plant pathogens.

目前，已经从植物病原物中克隆了40多个无毒基因，其中只有6个无毒基因是从植物病原真菌中克隆到的。

The interaction fashions between avirulence genes and resistant genes were pilot studied.

本文通过无毒基因的克隆和分析，对基因-基因学说中病原菌无毒基因和抗病基因互作方式进行了初步探讨。

We summarized the progress in research on avirulence genes of the rice blast fungus, including the importance of the research, avirulence genes cloned and their interaction characteristics with rice resistance genes.

本文从研究稻瘟菌无毒基因的意义、已鉴定和克隆的稻瘟菌无毒基因、稻瘟菌无毒基因与其抗病基因的互作特点等几个方面，对稻瘟菌无毒基因研究进展作了简要评述。

And genetic analysis and mapping of avirulence genes from the cross between M. grisea isolates were also studied for aiding to the positional cloning and further functional studies of avirulence genes.A total of 482 isolates were collected from 13 areas in China. Each isolate was subjected to DNA fingerprint analysis using pot2-rep-PCR.

同时，通过获得与稻瘟病菌无毒基因紧密连锁的分子标记，不仅可利用该无毒基因的标记作探针，研究该无毒基因在自然群体中的分布情况，揭示病菌群体毒性组成和变异特点，且为进一步物理作图法克隆该无毒基因奠定基础。

The products are produced by innoxious technics ,and passed the SGS tests.

台湾联颖集团 COPARTNER所生产的系列产品均采用无毒生产工艺生产，通过SGS无毒检测。

Glioma is still one of refractory disease in the neurosurgical field; the development of new primary and adjuvant treatment is vital. Recently, the gene therapy of glioma is developed rapidly and there are many methods about the gene therapy that include: suicide gene therapy, immunologic gene therapy, drug resistangce gene therapy, angiostatin gene therapy and so on. The sucide gene therapy is the most potential approach of antitumer, these nonmammalian genes encode enzyme that convert nontoxic prodrugs into highly toxic metablites. Cells transfected with suicide genes are targeted for specific negative selection, witch can be induced by administrtion of the corresponding produg. Among the enzyme/produg combinations, two of the best characterized system are herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase /ganciclovir and Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase /5-flourocytosine (5-FC). The formor can convert the antiviral nucleoside analogs acyclovir , ganciclovir to their nucleoside monophosphate derivatives, the monophosphate forms are subsequently phosphorylated by endogenus cellular kinases to triphosphates, these molecules are potent inhibitors of DNA synthesis.

近年来脑胶质瘤的基因治疗发展迅速，应运而生的方法有自杀基因、免疫基因、多药耐药基因以及抗血管生成基因等，其中自杀基因被认为是最有前景的基因治疗方法，它又称病毒介导的酶／药物前体疗法，是利用转基因技术将哺乳动物细胞中所不含有的自杀基因转入到哺乳动物肿瘤细胞中，该基因表达的产物可将无毒的药物前体转化为毒性药物，从而选择性杀伤该肿瘤细胞，常用的自杀基因有单纯疱疹病毒-胸苷激酶基因和大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因，前者催化无毒性抗病毒核苷类似物如丙氧鸟苷、无环鸟苷等成为单磷酸核苷衍生物，然后在内源性细胞激酶作用下转化为具有明显毒性的三磷酸核苷，作为DNA合成链的终止剂和DNA合成酶的抑制剂，干扰细胞DNA的合成；后者编码的胞嘧啶脱氨酶可催化5-氟胞嘧啶（5-FC）脱氨成为5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU），然后代谢为有毒性的5-氟尿嘧啶-5′三磷酸（5-FUTP）和5-氟-2′脱氧尿嘧啶-5′磷酸（5-FdUTP），5-FUTP通过与UTP竞争性结合而抑制mRNA和tRNA的合成，5-FdUTP则作用于胸苷合成酶，导致TMP衰竭而阻止DNA的合成，最终诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。

The coat contains nontoxic and elastic paint which is of low water resistance and which schleps rust and guard against rust and which is of the virtue of keeping clean and unpoisonous, also it can depress the growth of the lichen and worm effectively.

涂层全部采用无毒弹性涂料，具有水阻低、带锈防锈和无毒保洁功效，能有效抑制青苔和红虫的滋生。转载于中国论文联盟 http：//www.lwlm.com

The coat contains nontoxic and elastic paint which is of low water resistance and which schleps rust and guard against rust and which is of the virtue of keeping clean and unpoisonous, also it can depress the growth of the lichen and worm effectively.

涂层全部采用无毒弹性涂料，具有水阻低、带锈防锈和无毒保洁功效，能有效抑制青苔和红虫的滋生。转载于论文联盟 http：//www.lwlm.net

The coat contains nontoxic and elastic paint which is of low water resistance and which schleps rust and guard against rust and which is of the virtue of keeping clean and unpoisonous, also it can depress the growth of the lichen and worm effectively.

涂层全部采用无毒弹性涂料，具有水阻低、带锈防锈和无毒保洁功效，能有效抑制青苔和红虫的滋生。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。