无叶的

Culm sheaths purple-red or pale purple-red, with purple-brown margins, densely purple-brown spotted, thinly white powdery, glabrous; auricles and oral setae absent; ligule purple-brown, arcuate, broad, with long, purple-red cilia, blade reflexed, green with red-yellow margins, linear, flat or weakly crinkled.

竿箨紫红色或者浅紫色红，带有紫褐色边，浓密紫褐色认出，稀疏白色粉状，无毛；叶耳和口头的刚毛无；叶舌紫褐色，弧曲，宽，有长时间，紫红色cilia，由于红黄空白边反折，绿色，线，平或者身体虚弱的叶片出现皱纹。

The present investigations show that Bt rice possesses high efficiencies for controling rice stem borer, yellow stem borer and rice leaf roller, and there are no significant differences in growth and development of non-target organisms, such as rice planthoppers, leafhoppers and predators, and the stability of arthropod community structure between Bt rice and conventional rice paddy habitats.

现有的研究表明，Bt水稻对二化螟、三化螟和稻纵卷叶螟等主要靶标害虫具有较高的抗性水平，对稻飞虱、叶蝉、捕食性天敌等非靶标生物的生长发育和稻田节肢动物群落的稳定性无明显影响。

Leaves crowded toward apex of stems or spaced along distal part of stems, sessile or petiolate; petiole to 8 cm, base amplexicaul; leaf blade usually sword-shaped to elliptic-lanceolate, veins truly parallel from base, lateral veins absent.

叶密集向茎先端，或在茎上部间隔的，无柄或具叶柄；叶柄给8厘米，基部抱茎；叶片通常剑形到椭圆形披针形，脉真地平行的自基部，侧脉无。

DNA C-values might be one of important indices in the evaluation of angiospermous invasiveness. To test this viewpoint, we compared DNA 1C-values and basic genome sizes in 3,676 angiosperms. The results suggest that:(1) the two nuclear values vary greatly among different groups, e.g., significantly higher in herbs than in trees, in monocots than in dicots, in perennials than in non-perennials;(2) the two nuclear values both have significant effects on plant invasiveness, especially in herbs, dicots, monocots, perennials, non-perennials, diploids, polyploids, Compositae, and Poaceae, while not significant in trees and Fabaceae.

DNA C值与被子植物入侵性密切相关，为考察应用DNA C值评估被子植物入侵性的可靠性和局限性，我们统计分析了全世界范围内3676种被子植物的DNA 1C值（配子未发生DNA复制时的染色体DNA含量）及基因组大小（单个染色体组的DNA 含量），结果表明：1）DNA 1C值和基因组大小在被子植物不同类群中差异极大，例如在草本植物中显著高于木本植物，单子叶植物显著高于双子叶植物，多年生植物显著高于非多年生植物；2）两项指标都与被子植物入侵性显著负相关，尤其是在草本植物、双子叶植物、单子叶植物、多年生植物、非多年生植物、二倍体、多倍体、菊科和禾本科中，然而在木本植物、豆科植物中其与植物入侵性无显著关系。

Chestnut is a high valued economic orchard crops in Guangdong mountain area. A new disease on the leaves of chestnut was found in chestnut orchard of SCAU and areas where chestnut grows in Guangdong. Its symptom was different with those any reported leaf disease on chestnut. The pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and is the same as the pathogen of Coniella castanicola, anthracnose of Camellia oleifera and Caryota ochlandra.

近年，在华南农业大学板栗园及广东一些板栗产区，栗叶上出现了一种新的病害，其发病症状与已报道的板栗叶部病害无一是完全符合的，经鉴定，这种病原菌属于半知菌亚门，腔孢纲，黑盘孢目，黑盘孢科，刺盘孢属，胶胞炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides，与板栗炭疽病、油茶炭疽病以及鱼尾葵炭疽病的病原一致。

Leaves basal and cauline; leaf sheaths glabrous or pilose; leaf blades linear, flat, 18–75 × 0.3–2(–4) cm, glabrous, glaucous or pilose, midrib prominent, margins scabrid or smooth, base tapering or broad and rounded, apex acuminate; ligule 0.5–4 mm, ciliolate.

叶基生和茎生叶鞘无毛或具柔毛；叶片线形，平， 18-75 * 0.3-2(-4)厘米，无毛，有白霜或具柔毛，突出的中脉，边缘粗糙或平滑，宽和圆形的基部渐狭或，先端渐尖；叶舌0.5-4毫米，具短缘毛。

Leaf blade 10--15 cm wide, base cordate; primary lobes separate for at least 60% of blade radius; central lobe rhombic, 3-lobulate, distally few dentate, apex acute; ultimate lobules narrowly ovate; proximal leaves withered. Raceme 6--30 cm, 3--15-flowered, sometimes corymbiform, glabrous; proximal bracts sometimes leaflike, distal ones small, linear or subulate.

叶片10-15厘米宽，基部心形；初级裂片短于叶片半径的60%；中央裂片菱形，3具小裂片，上部很少具牙齿，先端锐尖；末级小裂片狭卵形；下部叶枯萎。6-30厘米的总状花序，3-15开花，有时伞房花序状，无毛；有时叶状的下部苞片，上部的小，线形的或钻形。

Basal leaves 2-6, long petiolate; stipules over 1/2 adnate to petioles, broadly lanceolate, membranous, margin sparsely denticulate and ciliate or entire, apex acuminate; petioles 3-9 cm at anthesis, usually green, sometimes purplish, glabrous, nitid, elongated at fruiting to more than 20 cm; leaf blade glabrous on both surfaces or pubescent along veins, 3-sect, segments shortly stipitate, lateral segments deeply 2-fid, central segment deeply 2- or 3-fid, terminal lobes highly variable in shape and size, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, oblong, or linear-lanceolate, margin irregularly dentate or shallowly divided, sometimes triparted to pinnatiparted or 3-lobed, apex obtuse or acute.

基生叶2-6，具长叶柄；托叶超过1/2的贴生至叶柄，宽披针形，膜，边缘疏生细齿和具缘毛或全缘，先端渐尖；叶柄3-9厘米在花期，通常绿色，有时略带紫色，无毛，有光泽的，在果期拉长到超过20厘米；叶片两面无毛沿脉具短柔毛，3全裂，裂片具短柄，侧裂片2深裂，中裂片2或3深裂，顶裂片形状和大小极易变，卵状披针形，披针形，长圆形，或线状披针形，边缘不规则牙齿或浅裂，有时3深裂到羽状深裂或3浅裂，先端钝或锐尖。

Leaves subleathery, both surfaces glabrous, petioles 5-20 mm, glabrous; seeds abaxially shortly furrowed for 1/2 length, obcordate.

近革质的叶，两面无毛，叶柄5-20毫米，无毛；背面种子短为1/2的长度起皱，倒心形。 21 R。 maximovicziana 黑桦树

Leaves 6–8 per ultimate branch; sheaths 6–9 cm, often white powdery; auricles inconspicuous; oral setae numerous, 2–3 mm; blade oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 18–30 × 2–3.5 cm. Pseudospikelets fusiform, 2–3.5 cm, glabrous; prophyll ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4–8 mm, thin, translucent, apex obtuse, keels 2, ciliate; bracts 1 to several, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 7–22 mm, papery, many veined, apex obtuse to acute or mucronate; rachilla disarticulating.

每末级的分枝叶6-8；鞘6-9厘米，通常白色粉状；叶耳不明显；口头的刚毛多数，2-3毫米；叶片长圆状披针形披针形或线形， 18-30 * 2-3.5 纺锤形的厘米Pseudospikelets，2-3.5厘米，无毛；先出叶卵形或卵状披针形，4-8毫米，薄，半透明，先端钝，龙骨2，纤毛；苞片1到数个，长圆形到长圆状披针形，7-22毫米，纸质，很多脉，先端钝的到锐尖或短尖；小穗轴脱节。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。