族群

This essay attempts to reappear the process of ethnic evolution of Sizhaizi —a historical community which is constituted of migrate groups with multi-culture and complex backgrounds—by means of analyzing the economic,social,culture and political factors in its special environment on longue durée.

本文试图根据有关的文献资料和口述资料，把族群的演变放在具体的地理空间以及历史的社会、文化、政治环境中，用社会学的理论来建立资料之间的逻辑关系，对族群归属的社会定义和自我认同做长时段的历史分析，从而在一定程度上再现四寨子族群演变的过程。

Clarkii in Taiwan could be divided into 2 groups, Penghu population and those of the Kuroshio system including Kenting, Lutao, Xiaoliuchiu and Dongsha populations.

本研究建议将东沙族群与受黑潮所影响之族群归类成同一地理系群，而与澎湖族群有所分别。

Therefore, as to the reason of the formation of Chinese society in Southeast region of China, especially the prevalent hypothesis that Hakka in the abutted region among Min, Yue and Gan was from Central Regions, a possible explanation may be that, after the large-scale turbulences in the abutted region among Min, Yue and Gan had been appeased in Ming dynasty, social reorganization occurred in this region. just at this stage, the groups of the region went through a re-choice to the ethnical identity, these choice affected the ethnohistory or writing of groups since middle period of Ming dynasty.

因此笔者认为，对于中国东南汉人社会的形成，尤其是闽粤赣毗邻区的客家人普遍的中原南来说盛行的一个可能的解释是，在明代闽粤赣毗邻区大规模动乱平息之后，闽粤赣毗邻区处于社会重组的阶段，正是在这一阶段，其人群亦经历了一次族群身份确认的过程，而这影响了明中后期以后长期的族群撰述，反映在闽粤赣毗邻区的地方文献中，则是对畲民典范书写的确立，它反过来又约束了人们对族群的选择与改造。

Dunhuang populace have no longer limited to the national -- countryideology in unified dynasty time under the historical background that centralauthorities estranging from Dunhuang day by day,Guiyi Army being graduallyindependent and region religion and ethnic groups\' historical restructuring.Ethnicgroups of Dunhuang have progressively integrated into a community which was amulti-ethnic,multi-religious culture region through each other\' s marriage,language,custom belief and so on.The social groups have changed opposition eachother and sought the internal approval.

在中原王朝与敦煌地方日益疏远、归义军政权渐趋独立化、敦煌区域宗教与族群经历了历史重构的背景下，敦煌民众也不再局限于统一王朝时期的民族——国家的意识形态之中；各族群通过婚姻、语言、习俗信仰等多层面的交流与融合，已日渐聚合为一个融汇有多民族、多宗教文化的区域利益共同体，社会群体一改过去的彼此对立，努力寻求内部认同，显然是有效维护各个族群共同生存的地域利益与群体利益的必由之路。

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为&知识—文化&传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

The one was to conduct field studies and empirical measurements in various environmental media of the normal and the workplace fields and nearby residents to explore the concentrations and distribution for those selected chemicals, including mercury, tributyltin oxide, triphenyltin hydroside, dieldrin, DDT (the derivatives DDD and DDE is included), endrin, heptachlor, aldrin, lindane, hexachlorobenzene, benzene and epichlorohydrin.

二、完成环氧氯丙烷及苯毒性化学物质，十二厂次之运作工厂厂内及周界环境流布（依物质特性选定检测之介质及相关暴露族群）共360个检测样品之实地量测调查资料，以了解、研判其在厂内之释放来源，以及运作工厂周界可能存在之环境介质及相关暴露族群之暴露浓度含量分布，并针对相关暴露族群进行不同途径之暴露推估。

Analyses of a neighbor-joining tree of identified DNA haplotypes and F values between samples, and an analysis of molecular variance revealed significant genetic differences between samples from Portugal and Taiwan, but no differentiation among the samples from Taiwan. These results suggested that the common mackerels off Taiwan belong to the single gene pool.

单基因型之neighbor-joining树、族群样本间之FST值及分子变方等分析显示葡萄牙及台湾之三族群样本间皆有显著之遗传差异，但台湾之三族群样本间并无显著差异；此结果指出台湾附近之白腹鲭属於单－基因库。

At the same time, under these ethnic policies, Malaysia's social inequality and economic gap within each race especially Malay have been worsened, ethnic relations and national unity have been hurt. All this hampered Malaysia's "Growth with Equality" someway. In the future, Malaysia's ethnic policies have to be reformed and adjusted.

与此同时，马来西亚社会贫富差距和族群内部的贫富差距却在日益恶化，族群关系日趋紧张，国民团结受到危害，族群政策对此产生了严重的影响，一定程度上阻碍了马来西亚的公平增长。

Each test will take notes of duration of usage, times for mistake taken and subjective fulfillment, and analyze by SPSS. The research found:（1）In the experiment of stapling papers with different thickness, sample 1 and 3 perform better for the subjects with lower muscle strength. With the same result as experts' tests, Sample 1 and 3 are much suitable for more user groups.（2）in the experiment of filling, sample 3 and 4 are easier and more effective for people with lower muscle strength. The results were concert with experts' test, and it also made fewer mistakes. The staplers which are designed in Universal Design principles still can be improved in filling.

研究发现：(1)在装订纸张堆叠厚度实验中，样本一与样本三在针对肌力的弱势族群比样本二与样本四有较佳的表现，与「专家检测」的结果一致，显示样本一与样本三的机构设计适用於较广泛的使用族群；(2)在订书针装填实验中，样本三与样本四针对肌力的弱势族群比样本一与样本二的完成度更高，结果与「专家检测」的结果一致，其失误率较低，显示经通用设计改良之订书机在订书针装填机构设计上仍有改善的空间。

In different historical stages, they strengthen or weaken the self-representation of the ethnicity.

在壮族族群发生发展的历史过程中，两种不同的记忆形态或者强化着族群的自我记忆，或者消解着族群的自我认同。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。