族群

This paper,making use of the firsthand materials of fieldwork,taking the endogamy of the Zangs in Zhuocang as a case,analyzes that the Zangs in Zhuocang is how to maintain the feeling of ethnic group and strengthen the identity of ethnic group.

本文利用田野调查的第一手资料，以卓仓藏族内婚制为个案，从族群边缘的角度探寻卓仓藏族是如何维系族群情感和加强族群认同的问题。

Approaching the problem from the fundamental characteristics of identity, the author examines the relationship in terms of individuals and ethnic groups , explaining the fact that the two kinds of identities will coexist for a long time.

文章从辨析认同的基本特性入手，分别考察了个人的族群认同与国家认同之间、以及族群的自我认同与国家认同之间的关系，说明族群认同与国家认同长期共存的事实及其含义。

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为"知识—文化"传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

The article from the respects of the problem of ethnic identity, it illustrates concept and constitute element of ethnic identity of home and abroad experts , the relationship of ethnic and culture identity and the present situation of research.

本文从族群认同问题的产生入手，论述了国内外学者有关族群认同的概念、构成要素、族群认同与文化认同的关系，同时对国内外学者的研究现状进行了总结。

The objective of this study is the research of local and ethnical identity and interethnic relations, coexistence and acceptance of the Slovak minority living in the region of Pilis Mountains near Esztergom in northern Hungary, where live 35.4% o all people which claiming to be Slovak nationality in Hungary.

本论文旨在於探索北匈牙利Pilis山脉，靠近Esztergom的斯洛伐克少数族群，其地方与族群认同、以及跨族群的关系、共存与相互接纳状态。在这个地方，有35.4%的人宣称自己是斯洛伐克人，即便他们是生活在匈牙利。

They lived underground 25 ± 7 mm in the sand tower. Young population of the soldier crab preferred to live with and a little higher than their adults. During the recruitment period, the maximum density of recruits could reach up to 2783.3 / m2, but young population density decline over time.

大部分幼生族群的分布位於其成蟹栖地及紧邻更高潮位的优势蟹种与短指和尚蟹成蟹栖地只交界处，著床期间幼生族群的最高密度可达2783.3只/m2，然而随著时间的延续，幼生族群数量下降

Low genetic variation has probably resulted from the refugial nature of these populations since the last glaciation rather than from recurrent pollen dispersal between Chilanshan and Alishan populations of these 2 Chamaecyparis species. Two Hinfl restriction site differences were found in the trnV-trnM intergenic spacer between C. formosensis and C. taiwanensis. Fragment length difference as well as point mutations in the petG-trnP intergenic spacer between C. formosensis and C. taiwanensis were also found.

如此低的遗传变异可能是因为现今之红桧与台湾扁柏族群为冰河期存在之大族群的残留小族群，而未必是花粉散播所提供之基因交流极为频繁所造成。trnV-trnM基因间区间序列在红桧与台湾扁柏两者间有两个HinfI之酶切点之差异，在PetG-trnP基因间区间序列也发现台湾扁柏与红桧之间有限制酶片段长度及其他点突变。

The Go moved backward with 1.35mm and upward with 1.90mm in group I, the gonial angle increased for 3.69°, and angle between palatal plane and mandibular plane was increased for 5.00°; In group II, the Go moved backward with 1.85mm and upward with 3.32mm , the gonial angle increased for 4.06°, and angle between palatal plane and mandibular plane was increased for 5.22°. Both in group I and II, there was a tread for clockwise rotation of mandibular corpus. The length of pterygomasseteric sling was mild increased due to the backward movement of Go.

在Go点的变动方面，在Me点向前位移的族群里，术后Go点平均向后1.35mm，向上1.90mm， gonial angle 平均增大3.69度，腭平面与下颚平面的夹角则是增加5.00度；在Me点向后位移的族群里，术后Go点平均向后1.85mm，向上3.32mm， gonial angle 平均增大4.06度，腭平面与下颚平面的夹角则是增加5.22度，不论是向前或是向后的族群，结果皆显示翼咀嚼肌悬吊带有轻微被拉长的迹象。

Then the problem is whether the development of ethnic relation goes smoothly or incompatibly.

本研究以山东省临清市新华路街道办事处黑庄居委会作为研究目标，以黑庄社区作为观察对象，通过观察该社区经济社会生活变迁和族群关系的发展演变，揭示现代化、城市化对该社区族群关系的作用机制，探讨族群性的社会操纵。

On later stage of history of ethnicity, they have had their own characters . Gradually, the proportion of inscribed memory in ethnic memory increases. The inscribed memory has accelerated the completion of the self-representation of Zhuang.

在族群记忆的后期，即由唐宋到明清、民国时期，随着壮族族群文字的发明和传播，刻写记忆在族群记忆中所占的比重逐渐增大，(来源：ABCcac6ca论文网www.abclunwen.com)刻写的记忆以身体记忆前所未有的效率促成了族群自我表象的形成。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。