旋转关节

Based on spatial kinematics of rigid body, a mathematical expression for jointed manikin and its spatial position and orientation is discussed and the translational and rotational transform of the objects in space is studied.

以刚体空间运动学为基础，讨论了作为关节链结构的人体模型及其在空间的位置和方位的数学表示方法，研究了物体在空间的平移变换和旋转变换。

Results Among the 102 replanted fingers in 22 cases, 89 survived fingers were excellent;13 poor or bad, which were caused by the following reasons: arthrokleisis in 8, fingers atrophy accompanied sensory loss in 3 and finger rotating deformity along with neurofibroma in 2 cases.

结果 22例102个再植手指中，89个手指功能疗效评定为优良；13个手指评定为差和劣，其中关节强直8例，手指萎缩并缺乏感觉3例，有旋转畸形伴有神经瘤形成2例。

We tested the knees at flexion angles of 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90with the following applied loads: 10 Nm varus moment, and 5 Nm external and internal rotational torques.21,22 To calculate the force applied in varus rotation testing, we took the desired moment (10 N.m) and divided this by the distance from the joint line to the point of force application in meters.

我们检测了施加力量10N.m的内翻运动和5N.m的外旋和内旋运动，各种运动的膝关节屈曲角度分别为0°、15°、30°、60°和90°。为了在内翻旋转试验时计算施加力，我们采用期望力矩(10M.m)，并将这种力矩分为从关节线到施加力点数米远的距离。

In a randomized, placebo-controlled study performed on 80 patients with chronic LBP, Revel et al.88 identified seven variables associated with a positive response to facet joint anesthesia: age greater than 65 yr and pain not exacerbated by coughing, not worsened by hyperextension,not worsened by forward flexion, not worsened when rising from forward flexion, not worsened by extension–rotation, and well-relieved by recumbency.

在一项80例慢性LBP患者的随机安慰剂对照试验中，Revel等鉴定出七种小关节麻醉阳性相关的因素：年龄大于65岁，咳嗽时疼痛不加剧，过度伸展不加剧，从前屈变伸直时不加剧，伸展旋转时不加剧，卧位时缓解。

Results In the 43 cases,there were 12 cases C1 fractures,20 C2 spinous process fracture,4 C2 axoid fractures,4 Hangman fracture,and rotated atlantoaxial dislocation in 1.Only 1 case was simple ligamentum transversum injury.

结果 43例中，C1骨折12例，C2齿状突骨折20例，C2椎体骨折4例，C2椎弓骨折4例，单纯性寰枢关节旋转脱位2例，单纯横韧带损伤1例。

Principal axes method, was presented to figure out the rotational directions of talus and calcaneus and the angles between them.

采用最大类间方差法与交互式数学形态学方法相结合的手段从活体后足CT序列图像中分割出距骨和跟骨，以移动立方体法重建距下关节复合体的表面并以动画方式显示距骨和跟骨的结构信息，提出力矩主轴法计算距骨和跟骨相对于参考系的旋转方向及它们之间的夹角。

Other transmission products 18, Tsubakimoto JAPAN: transmission chain, cable protective cover, slow motor, coupling, Tensioner kits, torque limiter, overrunning clutch, electric putt, buffers; 19, JAPAN Concord produced by: AC electric drum, DC roller; 20, Japan Concord Industry: universal coupling; 21,: The United States aerogenes fetal-type brake clutch, water-cooled oil-cooling brake clutch; 22, Asahi Seiko: pneumatic brakes, pneumatic clutches, fluid couplings, bearings with Block 23, shinko JAPAN: electromagnetic clutches, electromagnetic brakes, vibration equipment; 24, kokura JAPAN : electromagnetic clutches, electromagnetic brakes; 25, Japan Muto motor: a variety of fans, dust collection machines; 26, Showa Japan: Precision rotary joint, steam joints, hydraulic, coolant dedicated joint; 27, Seiko Kobayashi JAPAN: Block Bearing Belt; 28, Taiwan·×: indexing device; 29, Seiko Epson: Precision multi-joint manipulator.

其它传动系列产品18、日本椿本：传动链条，电缆保护套，减速电机，联轴器，涨紧套，扭力限制器，超越离合器，电动推杆，缓冲器；19、日本协和制作所：AC电动滚筒，DC电动滚筒；20、日本协和工业：万向联轴节；21、：美国产气胎式刹车离合器，水冷油冷式刹车离合器； 22、日本旭精工：气动刹车，气动离合器，液力偶合器，带座轴承23、日本神钢：电磁离合器，电磁刹车，振动设备；24、日本小仓：电磁离合器，电磁刹车；25、日本武藤电机：各种风机，集尘机；26、日本昭和：精密旋转接头、蒸汽接头、液压、冷却剂专用接头；27、日本小林精工：带座轴承；28、台湾谭子：分度装置；29、爱普生精工：多关节精密机械手。

As the novel design of the fusion apparatus improves the mechanical strength of fixation of STT and prevents the possible rotation and collapse of fused STT, the apparatus is a reliable internal fixation device for the limited intercarpal arthrodesis.

STT融合器设计合理，它可使3块腕骨间的固定力学强度大大提高，并可防止STT融介体向关节中心旋转及塌陷，是局限性腕骨融合术中新型、可靠的内固定方式。

Method］from january 2003 to may 2006,32 patients were corrected with qin si-he's orthotics devices on the ilizarov principle of tension-stress,which involved 15 males and 17 females,the age ranged from 10 to 25 years.among these patients,2 were caused by peroneal nerve injury,l by tumor in the vertebral canal,5 by meningocele,11 were caused by poliomyelitis,13 by congenital talipes equino-varus.in accordance with deformities,external fixator and limitied operative methods were dertermined.the limited release of soft tissue were performed in 7 patients,limited osteotomy in 25 patients.the dynamic muscle balance operation were performed in 9 patients with imbalance of muscle strength.according to the ilizarov technique,the fixative rods were installed.the telescopic rods on the apparatus were rotated one week after the operation,the divices had corrective function in three-dimensional directions.the deformity of talipes equinovarus,internal rotation and drooping of the forefoot were gradually corrected,and the patients could bear weight and walked on the deformed foot.the mean duration of traction were 42 days,then removed the external fixator maintained with plaster for a site time.

方法］2003年1月～2006年5月，根据ilizarov张力应力法则，应用秦泗河改良的外固定矫形器，遵循ilizarov穿针固定的基本原则，共手术治疗马蹄内翻足32例，男15例，女17例；年龄10～25岁，平均17岁。病因：腓总神经损伤2例，腰椎管内肿瘤1例，硬脊膜膨出5例，小儿麻痹后遗症11例，先天性马蹄内翻足13例。术前用足掌的前外缘负重行走者11例，用足的外缘或足背外侧负重者21例。根据马蹄内翻足畸形程度、性质和患者年龄，确定实施有限矫形手术的方法和外固定矫形器治疗。本组7例同期实施有限的软组织松解术，25例同期实施了有限的截骨术和跗骨间关节融合术，9例合并踝关节内外翻肌力明显失衡者，同期行足部肌腱转移的肌力平衡术。然后安装外固定矫形器。术后按作者制定的管理程序，7 d开始旋转相应的螺纹牵拉杆，对器械进行三维空间的缓慢调整，先矫正前足内收和后足内翻，后矫正足下垂畸形，直至达到矫形要求的标准。在矫形的过程中定期进行x线检测，以防止发生踝关节前后移位，治疗期间允许患足负重行走。术后平均牵伸42 d，拆外固定器后患足再上石膏固定适当时间。

If the shoulder joint is also replaced by a revolute joint, an arm with a polar geometry is formed.

如果肩关节也取而代之的是一个旋转接头，手臂与极几何形成。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。