方言研究

The conclusion of the text shows the arduousness and importance if dialect vocabulary study .

本章选取了地名文化、语言禁忌、谚语歇后语三个角度，对宁津方言词汇中的文化蕴涵做了初步探讨，有利于加深对方言词汇研究的认识。

However, the study of it is a comparably weak part in Chinese Dialectology.

在汉语方言学里，方言史研究是一个薄弱环节。

Sum up in general the characteristics shared by HJH dialects and its internal differences by using the method of the traditional dialectology, with its emphasis laid on one focal place chosen from each of the four areas.

简要介绍杭嘉湖地区的人文概况和方言概况，杭嘉湖方言的研究情况，同时介绍本文的研究目的、对象、方法和材料来源。

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为"知识—文化"传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

The research of phonetic grouping is mainly the analysis of historic evolution, but the lexical grouping in this thesis focuses on synchronic aspect. Sounds and lexicon have their own features and evolution rules. Therefore it is inevitable that grouping phonetically and lexically should be different.

山东方言语音分区的研究是对方言语音历史演变的分析，而本文所做的词汇分区的讨论着重于共时平面，而且语音和词汇各有不同的特性和演变规律，因此以语音分区和以词汇分区必然会得出不同的结论。

According to the principle of Combination of grammar form and meaning, this dissertation makes on arrangement about the Zigong dialect grammar phenomenon, to show the basic character and it connection with Putonghua ,by comparision,and analysis, As for the grammar phenomenon, which has enongh materials, this parer makes the full description and girt, some explanation, according to the connected theories, such as the three planes of grammrs, convertable analysis, Semantic drection, Semantic character and so on.

研究始终遵循语法形式与语法意义相结合的原则，通过比较、归纳、分析的方法，对自贡方言语法现象进行了一番梳理，展示了自贡方言的基本特点及其与普通话的种种联系和区别。对一些材料较充分的语法现象，运用三个平面、变换分析、语义指向、语义特征及语义双向选择原则等有关理论和方法进行了较为充分的描写、分析和一定的解释。全文共分为两部分。

In mis article, we can find an exhaustive description and analysis to Shan dong dialect affix in the Ming and Qing Dynasties; 3. By researching the dialect materials in the second part, we try to explore formation structural style, the function of affix and its relationship with the polysyllabic.

第二章，对明清山东方言中的词缀作了较为详尽的描写分析；第三章，以第二部分的明清山东方言词缀语料为研究对象，探讨附加式构词法的结构形式、功能及其与汉语词汇复音化的关系。

In this paper, a comparative study is made of some ancient and contemporary Chinese words by utilizing the ancient Chinese words that have retained in Chaozhou-Shantou subdialect to find out the differences in the number of definitions, the differences in the scope of meanings or usages, and the idfferences, if any, in the parts of speech to which they belong, between the Chinese wolds Under investigation.

本文利用现代潮汕方言所保留的古代汉语词语，对古今汉语中部分词语词义的义项多少、范围大小和词性类别的异同作了比较研究，说明利用潮汕方言的词义，有助于释读古代文献。

It shows that a systematic view to the research of dialectical lexical history in Southeast China is important with emphasis on the phonetic parallelism and hieratical parallelism.

认为研究东南方言词汇史要有系统的观点，要重视方言特征词的语音对应和层次对应。

From the angle of sound shift, chain shifts may lead to cycle. For example, the study result on phonetic change of Ningpo dialect by Mr.

比如徐通锵先生(1985)对百年来宁波方言语音变化的研究显示，宁波方言部分蟹摄一等字由复元音到单元音再到复元音的演变过程就是一种推链造成的循环。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。