方言

In these portion,the article begins the study of tone sandhi from the point view of two-character phrases and three-character phrases,which is also the focus and difficult point as well.On the basis of substantial materials of Dingzhou dialect,the author elaborates its rules and principles of tone sandhi of the general phrases and those with light tones,and reiterative location.the author puts his views as follows: 1.The rules of tone sandhi of two- character phrase are simple and unitive. 2.The complex of the phrase with light tones lies in the combination of the first tone and light tone.In the case,there are two different pronunciations in Dingzhou dialect.The author guesses it is the coexist of ancient pronunciations and common spoken Chinese. 3.The tone sandhi of general three-character phrases on the basis of the rules of that of two- character phrases,using the grammar structure of the three-character phrases as the restricted conduction,which function jointly. 4.The rules of tone sandhi of three- character phrases with light tones are restricted only by that of the two- character phrases with light tones and thus are foreign to grammar structure. 5.The tone sandhi of the words with reiterative location has their own system.

这两章中，作者采用直接调查法，社会语言学方法分别从一般字组、含轻声字组和叠音词字组三个方面对定州方言连读变调进行详尽地描写，文章中既有对连读变调的共时性描写，也有对连读变调历时性推测，总的来讲笔者认为定州方言变调具有一定的系统性，主要表现在以下几个方面：两字组连读变调规律简单统一，含轻声字两字组内部规律较为复杂，但是具有很强的一致性；定州方言含轻声两字组变调的复杂性主要表现在阴平+轻声的组合中，在这种情况下，定州方言有两种读音方式，推测它是语音存古现象和普通话语音并存的结果；一般三字组连读变调以两字组连读变调规律为基础，以三字组的语法结构为制约条件，二者共同发生作用；轻声三字组变调规律只受轻声两字组变调规律的制约，与语法结构无关；叠音词的变调规律自成系统。

The paper indicates that it is necessary to draw distributing maps of the Chinese dialect's features, especially grammatical features, and it should draw atlas of each group of the Chinese dialect even historical atlas of the Ch...

本文提出，现在迫切需要绘制方言特征分布图(尤其是方言语法特征分布图)，还应当绘制汉语各大方言地图集和汉语方言历史地图集。

Chinese dialectology devotes itself to a description of the pronunciation and vocabulary of Chinese dialects, and extends to grammar in recent years, but less studies are made in dialect rhetoric, which seems not fit in the important role of dialect in peoples language life.

汉语方言学致力于方言语音、词汇的描写，近些年加强了语法的研究，但方言修辞一直未引起足够的重视，与方言在人们日常生活中的作用很不相称。

Based on the formation process, usage situation and language features, the literary pronunciation systems of these places are actually local variants of the so-called "Zhejiang Officialese"(Zhejiang's regional lingua franca).

关于第一个间题，建德、寿昌人把本地的文读系统叫做"浙江方言"，金华城里文读系统的特点接近北部吴语特别是浙江省的强势方言杭州话，从形成过程、使用情况和语言特征来看，这些地方的文读系统实际上都是所谓"浙江官话"的地域变体，所以不能据此认为建德、寿昌方言与金华方言相近。

Her research has attempted to transcend the many theoretically solid linguistic descriptions now available for individual Chinese dialects by going one step further in taking a macroscopic or bird's-eye view of Sinitic languages to analyse their shared and distinct features, in terms of major syntactic construction types.

1990年以来，曹茜蕾教授同其他研究者一起致力于开拓汉语类型学和汉语方言语法对比描写，旨在探索汉语方言的多样性。她的研究一直努力超越现有诸多对汉语个体方言的描述，而是更进一步，以主要句法结构分析为基础，采用一种宏观的鸟瞰视角来分析汉语方言的共性和个性特点。

ABSTRACT This dissertation is devoted to a study of some distinctive morphological phenomena, syntactic constructions and functional words in Kunming dialect which belongs to the southwest subdialect in Chinese dialects.

昆明方言属于北方方言西南坎方言，很有特点。本文主要运用描写语言学的方法，研究以下昆明方言虚词和某些句法现象：第一、"着"字，第二、动词重叠超常句法组配。

For the discussion of Minnan dialect islands, this article focusses on the following four points: the geographical distribution of Minnan dialect islands; history of formation of Minnan dialect islands; language use in Minnan dialect islands, language contact and language chang in Minnan dialect islands.

闽南方言岛的地理分布、闽南方言岛的历史形成、闽南方言岛的语言生活、闽南方言岛的语言接触和语言演变是探讨闽南方言岛必须涉及的问题。

The first chapter describes the phonetic system, and arranges the words in the same syllable, at the same time introduces some characteristic vocabularies(mostly the single-syllable vocabularies)as far as possible, then analizes the phonetic changes in initials, finials and tones; the second chapter divides the often-used words into three parts by investigations, then analizes the cause of the change; the third chapter makes a complement to the grammar which other researchers haven"t spoken of; in the end, the paper talks about the author" elementary idea on the relationship between dialect"s research and Putonghua"s use. With the development of our society, this question will be put on more eyes.

论文首先介绍徐州市区方言的语音部分，描写了音系及其特点，在同音字汇部分整理并排列了徐州方言的同音字，同时也尽量搜罗有特色的方言词列入相应的音节内，然后从声母、韵母、声调三个方面分析徐州市区方言的语音变化；其次是词汇部分，通过调查对徐州市区方言常用词的变化情况作了区分，并分析其变化原因；接着在语法部分对前人尚未涉及的语法现象作了补充；最后结合方言研究与普通话使用的关系谈了自己初步的认识，随着社会的不断发展，这个问题将日益引起人们的重视。

"Appeared as early as in the Buddhist translation in the East Han Dynasty and replaced "食" in late Tang and Five Dynasties. The different geographical layout of the glosseme can be a presentation of ...

不同方言相对应的词位区域分布特征可以看作北方官话、近江方言、远江方言在类型特征上的表现，同时反映了源流特征和地域特征。2普通话和方言相对应的义位&吃&在组合关系上存在着差异，这与古代共同语的传承、汉民族义位&吃&义域范畴扩展、不同方言自身整合特点有关。

The Shangluo dialects are very complicated because of immigration. The local dialects belong to the north dialects, while the guest dialects belong to the south dialects. The local dialects develop faster than the guest dialects, the latter are relatively conventional. In fact their differences of phonetics structure at synchronic planes just reflect each phase of Chinese dialects at historical planes. The third chapter studies the phonological structure and historical changes from intiai consonant simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable and tone on the base of the synchronic planes, consulting QieYun and ZhongYuan phonology.

商洛方言由于移民原因具有复综性的特点，本地话属北方方言，客户话属南方语系，相比之下本地话发展较快与北方官话基本一致，而客户话就显得保守一些存古的东西更多，共时平面的差异实际上反映了汉语方言历时层面的不同阶段，第三章基于商洛方言共时平面的特点，参照《切韵》和《中原音韵》，从声母、韵母、声调三个方面研究了商洛方言的音韵结构和历史演变，并对汉语史的某些语音现象做了相应地解释。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。