方言

This part mostly compares Yuzhou Dialect with the mandarin and analyses the specality of the Num, the Verb, the Adjective, the Pronoun, the Preposition, the Adverb, the Tone word and the Auxiliary word of Yuzhou Dialect.

另一方面从词汇与社会生活的关系出发来看禹州方言词汇的外部特点，这一部分列举了一批词汇，主要从这些词汇中来分析禹州方言词汇所折射出的社会特点。

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为&知识—文化&传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

In the ancient times, there were three tribes called Angles, Saxons and Jutes in the northern Europe.

这三个日耳曼部族虽然有各自的方言，但这些方言均属低地西日耳曼语。

We must pay attention to it, especially in the problems such as the imbalance between the popularity of writing and the scarcity of theoretical research, the relationship between dialects and the mandarine, the handle of the narrating tone and the trend of vulgarization in dialectal writings.

当前&方言写作&亟需处理好&方言写作&与普遍话的关系，与作品叙述语调的关系，与语言的粗鄙化关系等三个问题。

Due to the restriction from social environment and psychology of public language and the inter-restriction between pursuing dialect brink and seeking dialect protection, Hankou dialect variation is on the state of relatively steady sitzkrieg. Without tremendous force from society, it is difficult to expand social distribution of Hankou dialect words variation.

由于社会环境及公众语言心理等因素制约，追求方言边缘化和寻求方言保护的两种语言心态相互牵制，使汉口话变异处在相对稳定的胶着状态之中，如果没有来自社会的强大力量推动，扩展汉口话词语变异的社会分布便不容易。

Besides, the author reaches a conclusion that the tone sandhis of the so-called Narrow Type does not exist on the basis of phonetic experimental analyses.

同时，对以往方言学的&窄用式&这一概念作语音学的实验考察分析，得出此概念不存在的结论。论文共分三章：第一章：上海方言声调的实验研究。

In Qiyang dialect, Lian not only can be used in the negative sentence like other Xiang dialects, strengthening the negative tone, but also can be used in positive sentence, strengthening the positive tone.

而在祁阳方言中&连&不仅和其他湘方言一样能大量运用于否定句中，表加强否定的语气，而且还可以用于肯定句中，加强肯定的语气。

It is also given a lively description of the competition between interrogatives of Ge VP and VPnegVP based on the sociolinguistic investigation.

不仅从共时与历时两方面来研究昆明方言，而且运用社会语言学的方法进行调查，挖掘在共时状态正在进行的语法变异暗流，发现受普通话影响，&VP不VP&结构已深入到昆明方言短语层面，在表示非疑问正反对举中，它已抢占了&格vP&结构的部分地盘，两者的竞争正在进行中。

The paper studies wh-words as interrogatives and indefinites, and further the left periphery of the interrogative clauses in Squliq Atayal, a Formosan language spoken in Chian-shin, Hsinchu County.

本篇论文主要研究新竹县尖石地区泰雅语赛考立克方言的疑问词和无定疑问词句型，并且以Rizzi(1997，1999)的理论来建构泰雅语赛考立克方言疑问句的左缘结构。

The problems of dialect intonations appearing in the recitation part of PSCare discussed in this paper.

主要讨论方言区应试人在普通话水平测试朗读项中因&语调偏误&而失分的情况，反思目前方言区普通话语音教学的不足之处，提出必须特别重视节律特征在语音中所起的种种不同作用，建立起一套系统的语音教学原则和方法。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。