方言

For, just as one vernacular can be identified as belonging to Cremona, so can another that belongs to Lombardy; and just as one can be identified that belongs to Lombardy, so can another that belongs to the whole left-hand side of Italy; and just as all these can be identified in this way, so can that which belongs to Italy as a whole.

因为正如一种方言可以被认同为属于克雷莫纳，另外一种方言也可以被认同为属于伦巴第；一种方言可以被认同为属于伦巴第，那么另一种也可以被认同为属于整个意大利左半部；以此类推，所有方言都可以以此方式被认同，那么属于整个意大利的方言也是如此。

This article mainly introduced Ningyuan's geographical position, in the county boundary the dialect atlas situation, separately from aspects and so on noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition and classifier showed its characteristic and pointed out the example to come to compare, has utilized the comparison test, through the Ningyuan dialect and the standard spoken Chinese comparison, the investigation and study, discovered that the Ningyuan dialect and the standard spoken Chinese in the glossary difference, introduced the Ningyuan dialect glossary the general picture, showed in the Ningyuan dialect glossary some characteristics, the discussion dialect glossary and the dialect glossary research work important meaning

本文主要介绍了宁远的地理位置、县境内方言分布情况，分别从名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词和量词等方面说明其特点并举出实例来加以比较，运用了比较法，通过宁远方言与普通话比较、调查研究，发现宁远方言与普通话在词汇上的差别，来介绍宁远方言词汇的概貌，说明宁远方言词汇上的一些特点，讨论方言词汇及方言词汇调查研究工作的重要意义。

Based on dialect theories from "the general linguistics course" by Saussure, the "language" by Bloomfield and the "language" by Sapir, we make an comparative study from six aspects: difference between dialect and language; partition of dialect; divergence of language; spread of dialect; complexity of the dialect; dialect, geography.

文章就索绪尔《普通语言学教程》、布龙菲尔德《语言论》、萨丕尔《语言论》三部语言学名著中的方言理论从六个方面进行了比较研究：方言与语言的区别；方言的分区问题；语言差异问题；方言的传播；方言的复杂性；方言地理学问题。

On the fruits of this sort of research, this dissertation put emphasis on comprehensive comparison of the tones. We probe the types distribution, similarities and differences of the tones and sandhi tones from the angle of dialect geography. We talk about the exact pronunciation of the tones and sandhi tones by providing the linguistic maps.

从方言地理学的角度全面考察山东方言单字调、连读调的类型分布与内部异同；配合方言地图详细比较说明山东各地方言单字调、连读调的具体读音情况；通过详细比较分析山东各地方言单字调、连读调、以及某些过渡型方言的声调状况来探讨古今声调的演变等等，都是前人所没有作过的。

Lup dialeck ,as the most character's dialect has a special position in the dialectology of Uyghur,and so it brings about tense interest among the scholars at home and aboard ,and then a host of relevant works have been published.

罗布方言作为维吾尔语三大方言之一，在维吾尔语方言学中占有特殊的地位，罗布方言研究也就引起了国内外学者的浓厚兴趣，并有很多专门研究罗布方言的论著出版。

Lup dialeck ,as the most characters dialect has a special position in the dialectology of Uyghur,and so it brings about tense interest among the scholars at home and aboard ,and then a host of relevant works have been published.

罗布方言作为维吾尔语三大方言之一，在维吾尔语方言学中占有特殊的地位，罗布方言研究也就引起了国内外学者的浓厚兴趣，并有很多专门研究罗布方言的论著出版。

This paper mainly adopts the study methods of traditional dialectology. Based on the fieldwork, the paper describes the phonetic system of Chengkan dialect in detail.

本文主要采用传统方言学的研究方法，在两次田野调查的基础上，对呈坎方言的语音系统进行了较为全面、细致的描写，整理出了呈坎方言音系、同音字汇、儿化韵表、词汇表、语法例句及呈坎方言与中古语音声韵调对照表，总结了该方言的音韵特点，归纳了儿化和文白异读的规律，初步讨论了古全浊声母的今读和韵母的特点两个专题。

Second, From the internal comparison of linzhang dialect,I find that the difference from east to west is smaller and the difference is larger from south to north ,particularly the southern Zhanghe is affected by vicinity dialects, the tail is abundant and the suffixation of the northen Zhanghe is increasing under the influence of the Standard Chinese. The exterior comparison includes the comparison of the linzhang dialect vocabulary to that of the vicinity and that of the Standard Chinese. The comparison with the vicinity dialects reveals the ralationship of the Linzhang dialects with the vicinity dialects and inquire into its reason. Third, Through the comparison between the dialect and the Standard Chinese from the aspects of sallable, morpheme,affixation, I reveal the vocabulary-made characteristics of the Linzhang dialect---- to have abundant affix. Last, we divide the vocabulary in the Linzhang dialect into the Ancient Chinese words,the Medieval Chinese words,the Modern Chinese words,the Modern Chinese words by the historical view.

漳河北受普通话影响比较大，儿化现象比较突出；外部比较主要通过临漳与周围县，如安阳、魏县、磁县、成安县等，方言词汇的比较以及与普通话词汇的比较，揭示了临漳方言与周围县方言的亲疏关系，并探讨了其原因； 3、临漳方言词汇的构词特点，主要从构词的角度，从音节、语素、附加式构成几个方面与普通话进行了比较，突出了临漳方言词汇词缀构词的特点； 4、临漳方言词汇的历史层次是从汉语史的角度对词汇进行的分类研究，从词汇产生的时代划分出上古汉语词汇、中古汉语词汇、近代汉语词汇以及现代汉语词汇。

Its features are that description of single grammatical points exceeds comparative studies; researches on special issues are more numerable than grammatical system; static research exceeds dynamic research; and investigation and description is more than theoretical studies.

未来方言语法研究应加强方言语法的调查工作，开展立体化的方言语法研究，加快方言语法比较研究的步伐，提高理论研究的深度，建立方言语法研究的方法论体系。

The present thesis mainly adopts the methods of the descriptive linguistics , attempting to proffer a panoramic view of the phonetic , lexical and grammatical features of Rudong vernacular.

最后，将如东方言分别和扬州方言、常州方言以及通泰方言中的其他方言进行比较，指出如东方言是具有浓郁吴语底蕴的非典型通泰方言。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。