方法论

Under the instruction of the above-described law, the thesis puts forward several new proposals for the practice of psychologys integration: establishing the unified instruction of materialist dialectics as a theoretical basis of methodology in psychology, in which the concrete positive and humanistic researching means can co-exist peacefully; building an integrated viewpoint of science, in which there might be various psychological researches and an integration in psychology with difference can be attained.

文章在最后以心理学发展规律为指导，为心理学统一工作的实践提出了一些新思路：在方法论上接受唯物辩证法的统一指导，允许实证和人文等多种具体研究方法的"和平"共处；建立统一的科学观，在统一的规范下可以存在不同的心理学探索，实现心理学有差别的统一。

Therefore, the social science is characteristics of objectivity, value－freeness and abstractness.

社会科学与人文科学的区别主要是方法论意义上的，而不是实体意义上的。

The reason for regarding the architectural education of France and America in this period as an organic whole of Academicism system is that both of them treated the idea of"Beaux-Arts"as key, and there were common systematic characteristics between them in thoughts and methods: universities and professional bodies ran schools cooperatively all the time; the methodology is based on the combination of university teaching with atlier teaching; they both belived in"antique"and accepted Ecleticism; they both had obvious aestheticism and strict attitude in study; they both had the intention to adapt to the practical situation in their respective countries. The whole dissertation contains about 185, 000 words, 132 illustrations and 12 forms

之所以将法、美两国这一时期的建筑教育视为紧密相关的"学院派"体系，是因为它们都以"鲍扎"思想为核心，在认识论与方法论上有着体系化的共性特征：学校与行业学会始终协同办学；教学模式以大学体系和画室制结合；学术上有尚古和折衷主义倾向；治学上有着明显的唯美和严谨的风范；实际运作中又都有着为适合各自国情发展的意识。

In rough sets based on accessible relation, we merge rough set theory and accessible relation into one model. Compared with classical rough set models(including Pawlak rough set model and various precise rough set model), the new model is more general.

基于可达关系的粗糙集模型是将可达关系应用于粗糙集理论中，这种模型比传统的粗糙集模型(Pawlak模型和可变精度粗糙集模型)更一般，将粗糙集理论推广到一般的方法论。

This dissertation tries to study methodological individualism systematically, which is one of the basic methodologies in the western social science, in order to fill the research blank in our country and creatively response to the international advanced discussion about the issue.

本文旨在对西方社会科学方法论的一个基本方面，即方法论个体主义进行比较系统的专题研究，以弥补国内在这方面的研究空白，并以新的分析评价对国际上的前沿讨论作出回应。

Chapter Ⅴ is the Ⅱvaluation of native resources and the modern meanings of conventional law. The core idea of each chapter is as follows:The first chapter evaluates individualism jurisprudence methodology first of all, though which rereads the connotation of conventional law. It thanks conventional law is been being nationally by the folk social groups and teams after long producing and living, which embodies the willing and benefit of the folk social groups and teams and appoints for its resolving system of rights、duty and conflict, including the general action standard that recognized material and spiritual strength ensures its implement. The standard's extention includes producing conventional law, living conventional law, commercial conventional law, ethnic conventional law, religious conventional law, and etc..

各章主要内容概述如下：第一章先对个人主义法学方法论进行评介，尔后从此方法论视角重新解读了习惯法的涵义，认为习惯法是由一定的民间社会群体或组织在长期的生产、生活中自然形成的，体现民间社会群体或组织成员的意志和利益，约定其权利、义务和冲突解决机制，并由其成员认可的物质或精神力量保障实施的普遍性行为规范的总称，其外延包括生产习惯法、生活习惯法、商业习惯法、民族习惯法、宗教习惯法等。

This study not only extends a new applying field of the analysis-synthesis principle that is a methodology of solving complicate problems, but also enriches the methodology of computer aided design and decision making of railway location.

这种研究方法既开拓了分析—综合这种解决复杂问题的研究方法论的新的应用领域，又丰富了铁路选线机助设计与决策方法论方面的内容。

The methodological components in mental paradigm that are suited forstudying human being,the holism in Gestalt psychology,the problem-centeredmethodology of cultural science psychology,the humanistic tendency in neo-psychoanalysis,the emergency of self-actualizing potential in organismic psychology,allthese make the unique human nature easily seen and advocate the unique researchmethods for studying human being,thus provide the humanistic methodology inpsychology some fundamental components.

心理主义范式中的适合于人的特性的方法论成分、格式塔学派的整体论、&人文科学心理学&的问题中心论和人文科学取向以及主观范式和整体论的弘扬、新精神分析学派中的人本主义倾向、机体论心理学对自我实现潜能的凸显等等，亦若明若暗地张扬了人、人的心理的独特本质和人的特有的研究方式，从而使人本心理学方法论获得了一些较为基本的构件。

This research method foregrounds the methodological framework of language philosophy which studies human beings and the world in which they live by analyzing and interpreting their languages.

也正是上述二元统一的方法论凸显出语言哲学从语言分析和解释切入，研究人及人的世界的方法论框架。

The Research Institute centers round the research of legal methodology , encircles a series of important issues, such as interpretation of law, legal demonstration, legal reasoning, which accords with urgent demands of the contemporary Chinese legal reform, and attracts many experts, professors and postgraduates LL.D.

法学方法论研究所即以法学方法论研究为中心，围绕符合当代中国法治建设迫切需求的系列重要问题，如法律解释、法律论证、法律推理等，吸纳国内法学界有志于此的一批专家、教授、研究生展开研究。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。