方法论

This is embodied by the following five transformations:i,from method-centrism to problem-centrism,i.e.to advocate that it is the problem researched thatdetermines research methods rather than vise versa:ii,"fromscientific objectivism"to"daoistic objectivism",i.e.to emphasize the daoistic conveniency;iii,from reductionismto holistic dynamism,i.e.to see a person and his mind and behavior as a coherent totalityrather than the sum of his functioning parts;iv,from the"thing"paradigm to"human"paradigm,i.e.to emphasize to bring those unique characteristics that makes a person as aperson back into psychological researches,which have been lost by mechanomorphicpsychology;v,from"single science"to"integrated science",i.e.to emphasize integratedthinking based on multiple levels to replace the traditional dichotomous thinking,and thusmake"humanistic science"to enclose"mechanomorphic science"in multi-levelintegration.

它具体体现在以下五大转变：（1）从方法中心论到问题中心论。主张问题决定方法，方法必须适合于问题。即，心理学应以&人&为出发点构建方法论，而不应不顾自身特性生搬硬套自然科学的方法论。（2）从&科学的客观&到&道家的客观&。

First step is to summarize the characteristics of metalanguage as well as the current research achievements of the metalinguistic theory and to clarify the signification of "methodological principle" by defining and discriminating several terms such as metalanguage, object language and language.

作为方法论原则的元语言理论西方20世纪的现代语言学在科学方法论研究上取得了丰硕的成果，其中语言和言语、元语言和对象语言的区分是其重要内容之一。

Wang Xijie, and then raise the "metalinguistic figure" in Chinese language by the way of combining the principle of differentiating metalanguage from object language and delving into metalinguistic cases of daily communications, such as mobile telephone messages in order to specifically analyze the phenomena of positive or negative deviation, potentiality and conspicuity. The dissertation reaches conclusions as follows: It is necessary to keep the principle of differentiating metalanguage and object language, which behaves as the foundation of scientific linguistics and the stereotype of language.

作为方法论原则的元语言理论》一文通过以上各章的研究，得出如下结论：区分元语言和对象语言是语言研究中必须坚持的一条方法论原则，它既是科学的语言学的重要保障，又是语言中的一个&不变量&；元语言是语言学深层次的基础问题，元语言研究有助于更好地揭示语言的本质与机制，并进一步推动语言学各分支学科理论的科学化、形式化和系统化。

Convention T, linguistic formal theory, mention and use, self-reference, linguistic paradox are both the components of philosophical metalinguistic theory, which not only has direct effects on the establishment of the theory of linguistic metalanguage but also as a principle of modern methodology set significant effects on the linguistic turn of modern philosophy as well as the western humanities and social science.

首先，对&元语言&、&对象语言&和&语言&等术语进行辨析，简要概括元语言的特性和元语言理论的研究现状，阐明&方法论原则&的含义；第二，对哲学的元语言理论的源流进行梳理，并阐述其内容和方法论意义；第三，以语符学、结构语义学、元语用学、元语言功能学说为中心，阐明语言学的元语言理论及其对哲学的元语言理论的继承与发展；最后，考察修辞学领域的元语言研究，并结合汉语实际，分析元语言修辞现象。

Since 1938,most of modern principal economists preach the methodology of falsifinationism but seldom practice it.M.Friedman even distorted it into instrumental rationalism based on pragmatistic philosophy and was accepted widely by principal economists.

false-proven doctrine/methodology/economics，论文来源山东财政学院学报，论文单位济南，点击次数 24，论文页数 3～7页2004年2004月论文网 http：//www.lw23.com/paper_32142751/ 1938年以来，现代主流经济学家大都鼓吹证伪主义方法论，却极少实践自己的方法论信条，甚至在弗里德曼那里，证伪主义被扭曲为基于实用主义哲学的工具理性主义，并被主流经济学家们广泛接受。

All successful scholars attach great importance to the application of methodologies.They rely on dialectical methods and improved ways of thinking as well as discovery,reductionistic and experimental methodologies fro expanding the parameters of investigation into humanism and cultural studies.

凡是学有成者都颇为重视方法论的运作，高明的人文学理研究方法不仅处处闪烁着辩证法的亮点，而且还用改良的思维、手法，运用了发现方法、溯因方法与实验方法等三元方法论，开拓着人本学、文化学的广阔的时域空间。

To the writer point of view, legal science is an opening subject where no stable answer could be given to lots of problems. And also because of my limited knowledge, instead of completely reconstruct after overthrow, I just laid out some suggestions, that is, we should transform our research method from practical to philosophical, from simply study within Jurisprudence area to trans-subject study, from remedy methodology to reconstruction methodology, from single visual to mulplism visual, from class research method to revolutional research method.

因为笔者认为法理学本身是个开放性的学科，很多问题并没有固定的结论，又因为笔者的才疏学浅，所以笔者并没有能力在&颠覆&之后重新&建构&，而只能就前文的分析和论证提出几点建议：第一，从实证法理学研究向哲理法理学研究的转变；第二，单一学科研究向跨学科研究的转变；第三，修补式的方法论向重构式的方法论转变；第四，一元的研究视角向多元的研究视角转变；第五，阶级性的研究范式向革命性的研究范式的转变。

I have chosen my approach as a 'Sinological experiment,' because I believe that Sinology is not exhausted by use of Western methodology, and that one part of Sinology should be to test our own ability, as Sinologists, to apply Chinese methodologies.

我选择了一种类似于&汉学实验&的读解方法，因为我觉得，汉学不应局限于使用西方的方法论，而应该充分运用中国的方法论，这也可以帮助我们这些汉学家检验自己的研究能力。

The subjectivistic researches, which assert that the researches should be a kind of equal dialogue between researchers and the disabled people to obtain a consensus of understanding of the social problems and the disabled people's needs and thus its strategy is "bottom-up", which avoid those weakness.

主观主义方法论立场上的残疾人研究主张通过研究者和残疾人之间的平等对话，获得对残疾人社会问题和残疾人需要的&共识&，提出的对策方案更多的是&自下而上&的，能够弥补客观主义方法论立场上研究的不足。

There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.historians,especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of"tunnel method,"frequently fall victim to the"technicist fallacy."

所谓方法论究竟是指一般的历史研究研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。史学家，尤其是那些局限于他们的研究兴趣，以致被指责为&单方同研究法&的史学家，常常成了&单纯技术方法论&的牺牲品。

Singer Leona Lewis and former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page emerged as the bus transformed into a grass-covered carnival float, and the pair combined for a rendition of "Whole Lotta Love".

歌手leona刘易斯和前率领的飞艇的吉他手吉米页出现巴士转化为基层所涵盖的嘉年华花车，和一双合并为一移交&整个lotta爱&。

This is Kate, and that's Erin.

这是凯特，那个是爱朗。