方法论

When audience face these images, it is natural to invoke the memory of source images, and it is such basic memory or source images intention that produce the reaction and confrontation to Xus works, spur his works to enter audiences habitual recognition of images, and combine thinking with image cognition to form new interpretation of images, as to highlight the dubiety of source images and to increase the possible reinterpretation of source images, but the artists conceptual interference is not close-ended but discloses the mechanism of contemporary image reading: i.e. the interaction between image and audience, as result such works are the presence of artistic conception but the absence of artist and that artist doesnt stress the input of personal experience into the work, but looks for the methodology of image-construction and the combination of thinking methods for creating the entity of joint between image and language.

当观众面对这些图像时，很自然地唤起对原有图像的记忆，正是这种基本记忆或原图像意图的捕捉对许昌昌的作品产生了反作用和对抗，促使作品图像进入到观众的图像识别习惯中，将思考与图像认知结合，形成新的图像阐释，既是突出原图像的可疑性，又增加了对原图像的重新解释的可能性，但艺术家的观念介入并不是封闭的，而是敞开了当代图像阅读的机制：即图像与观众的互动性，这样的作品是艺术观念在场而艺术家缺席，艺术家不强调个人生活经验进入作品，而是寻求图像构成的方法论和思维方法论的结合，创造图像与语言切合的实体。

John Elster gives the framework of the methodology of Analytical Marxism: its principle is the methodological individualism,and its technique is intentional explanation,especially rational choice theory and game theory.

西方社会科学中流行的方法论个人主义原则和个人主义解释模式是分析马克思主义之方法论的学术背景。

The third is the evolution of knowledge: Because of the limit of human's cognition, knowledge in a person's brain keeps on evoluting. So the knowledge in an intelligent system which simulates cognition should also evolute. The evolution of knowledge in the CM includes the evolution of background knowledge and problem solving knowledge.

最后是系统知识进化的思想：因为人的认识能力的局限性，人的知识一直处于不断的进化过程中；体现知识模拟的知识库系统也应当是进化的；CM方法论中的进化过程包括背景知识进化和面向问题求解知识对象的进化，为此，CM方法论中定义了关于知识对象及其背景知识的一系列操作。

Taking the scientific verified method, argumentation explicative method, Marxism materialist dialectics and intuitive method of experience as the main frame, beginning with the stereoscopic vision of fusion and creation, this paper makes a macroscopic and systematic research on the academic methodology during Minguo period according to the internal line of reasoning of society change, academic debug and method creation.

本文尝试以科学实证方法、义理阐释方法、马克思主义唯物辩证方法、直觉体悟方法为主体框架，从融合与创新的立体视眼切入，按照社会转型、学术调适、方法创新的内在理路，对民国时期的学术方法论作一宏观、系统的研究，以此来凸现民国时期学术方法论的整体面貌和价值，并从历史和逻辑的层面揭示人类文化在不断接触中融合、在不断融合中创新、在不断创新中发展的客观规律。

Set out from this one understanding, a certain number of representative new achievement in the fundamental sequence of ideas that the article elaborated western economics methodology to the point and methodology of contemporary west economics.

从这一认识出发，本文扼要地阐述了西方经济学方法论的基本脉络和当代西方经济学方法论中若干代表性的新成果。

In this new historical time,as a new try,the mix of creativity and He-he management has many unknowing contents...

因为任何一种科学研究都伴随着方法论问题探索，因此，本文的研究旨在于探讨中国式和合管理的方法论问题。

The theory is also applied to the exploration of the methodological holism and the universal methodologies in the dissertation.

文章也试图将这一理论的运用拓展于方法论整体主义乃至一般方法论的研究。

That is our goal: to "reverse engineer" an explanatory framework that plausibly accounts for all of those major methodologies--from phenomenology to autopoiesis to systems theory to hermeneutics — by "transcendentally deducing" a structure of the Kosmos that would allow those methodologies to arise and exist in the first place, because already exist they do.

这就是我们的目标：给"反向工程师"一个可以解释一切主要方法论问题的框架--从现象学到自创论到诠释学的系统论--"先验推论"一个可以允许方法论首先存在的宇宙构造。

Study on the research element of traditional Library science and its developing.

研究方法论体系的研究，包括方法论体系的意义及形成和应用。

The development history of scientific socialism is the history of the organic unification and unceasing persistence of Marist scientific ideas of the world and philosophic methodology. The establishment and implement of scientific ideas of the world and philosophic methodology is the guide and guarantee in searching right way of socialist construction.

科学社会主义发展史，是马克思主义的科学世界观和哲学方法论有机统一并不断坚持的历史，科学世界观与哲学方法论的确立和运用，是寻求社会主义建设正确道路的先导与保证。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。