方法论

This essay has three difficulties: First, difficulty of conception foundation: how to grasp conception foundation, historical background and theory origin of positive economic paradigm and normative economic paradigm from a historical and philosophical perspective? Second, difficulty of formalization system: the viewpoints of positive economists and normative economists are very jumble, this paper tries to clear up the formers' theories, sums up and synthesizes various standpoints, and make it form systematism and standardization. Third, difficulty of combination in visual angle: combining economics and philosophy, resurvey some philosophy problems in economic research from the perspective of ontology, epistemology and methodology, thereby discover new problems, and make rigor argumentation toward it.

本文的难点：1、概念基础难点：如何从一种历史的、哲学的角度准确把握实证经济范式与规范经济范式的概念基础和变更的历史背景、理论渊源。2、形式化体系难点：实证经济学家与规范经济学家的观点非常混杂，本文试图理清前人的思路，总结和综合纷繁不一的观点，并使其体系化、规范化。3、视角结合点难点：将经济学与哲学有机地结合起来，从本体论、认识论、方法论的角度重新看待经济学研究中的一些哲学问题，从而发现新问题，并对其进行严密论证。

So discuss belief education is important to guide the whole society setting up the right ideal, building Harmonious Society, realize great revitalization of Chinese Nation.

因此，探讨信仰教育以及从哲学的高度来进行信仰教育的方法论探究，对于引导全社会树立正确的理想信念，构建社会主义和谐社会，实现中华民族的伟大复兴具有重要意义。

How can we reach beyond the rubric of diversity to explore particular histories and theatrical methodologies?

19-22 我们如何超越歧异的成规来探讨独特的历史以及戏剧的方法论？

This article addresses the problem of the const ruction of context as a key analytical concept in the methodology of social and cultural anthropology. It takes a developmental view , showing how the problem has been re - defined over time.

文章阐述了语境建构问题是社会文化人类学方法论体系中的一个关键的解释性概念，它用发展的眼光，展示了这个问题在不同的时期是如何被重新定义的。

Hierarchical linear modeling is the most frequently used technique for analyzing multilevel data. In this paper, the twelve key issues in multilevel research and/or using HLM software were reviewed, and provided their exact meanings and feasible solutions. The 12 key issues included intraclass correlation coefficient, sample sizes, formation of organizational constructs, centering problems, fixed effect and random effect, estimation methods, goodness of fit index, explained variation, multicollinearity, robust standard error, level one variance equation, and empirical Bayes estimates.

本文针对阶层线性模式在多层次研究上有关於技术、测量与方法论所遭遇的问题，进行文献整理并讨论其实务意涵，并依据使用时机、抽样议题、资料汇总、分析方法、与模式评估与估算等五方面整理出十二项重要议题与解决之道，包括：组内相关系数的意义与判断准则、多层次研究各层的样本数问题、变数聚合成组织层次问题、中心化的意义、固定效果与随机效果的设定、估计法的选择、适配度的比较、解释变异量的计算、多元共线性的分析、强韧性标准误、第一层误差项变异数与实证贝氏估计值的运用。

University of Saskatschewan, Saskatoon, Canada Abstract In this paper a new generation of methodology of CAD is used to develop the design and CAD system of modular robots.

摘 要 本文利用新一代计算机辅助设计方法，开展模块机器人的设计方法论和CAD系统的研究，旨在提出解决柔性加工系统的计算机辅助设计智能软件的思路和框架。

In his teaching materials on the methodology of law,Savigny put forward four formulas for the method of systematization concerning the contents and forms of legal system.

在法学方法论讲义中，萨维尼针对法律体系的内容与形式提出了体系化方法的四条规则。

The method of systematization;methodology of law;Roman law;civil law system;Savigny

体系化方法；法学方法论；罗马法；民法体系；萨维尼

The emphasis that Savigny's method of systematization laid on the inner relevancy and the spirit core of the legal system provides some enlightenment to the modern theories on the methodology of law.

萨维尼的体系化方法对法律体系的内在关联性及其所蕴含的理念内核的强调为当代法学方法论提供了一些思想元素。

Educational history study has been influenced by the" scientific history study" ever since a long time ago, It takes the pursuit of objective, empirical goals as the mission, and less concerns about the changes of theory and methodology of history study and the view and criticism of post-modernism, which has led to the weakening of the theory of educational history study and the scarceness of debate on the issues under study.

长期以来，教育史研究受"科学史学"的影响，以追求客观、实证的目标为己任，较少关注史学理论及方法论的新变化，更少关注后现代主义的观点和批判，导致了教育史学理论的弱化，鲜见关于教育史研究问题的争论。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。