方法论

Topics covered include: density estimation (incorporating such topics as kernel density estimates, nearest neighbor estimates, variable kernel methods, orthogonal series estimates, maximum penalized likelihood estimates, bandwidth choice), nonparametric regression (incorporating kernel methods, spline methods, penalized likelihood, bandwidth choice, generalized additive models), and bootstrapping.

非参数建模专题：非参数建模专题：基于计算机的非参数统计方法论。包括：密度估计(如：核密度估计，最近邻估计，可变核方法，正交序列估计，最大补偿似然估计法，带宽选择)非参数回归(如：，核方法，样条方法，补偿似然估计，带宽选择，广义可加模型，)和 bootstrapping 方法。

The study focuses on "value diversity", and explores it step by step with a route of "Review -Rethink and Criticism -Construction and Transcendence -Application"From a historical perspective, the study reviews and summarizes western educational evaluation theories and technology development, describes evaluation methods of so-called first three generations evaluation methods, and analyzes historical critique of them, including their failure to accommodate value-pluralism, a tendency towards managerialism, and the overcommitment to the scientific paradigm of inquiry; and then further points out that the fourth generation evaluation methods can be introduced for their effective response to problems of value-pluralism. The study focuses on the characteristics and ideology of the fourth generation evaluation theory; based on which, the research work investigates the social and cultural foundations of education evaluation theory and technology formation development from the dimension of the evolution of values foundation, the impact of social ideology and methodology conversion.

研究从历史的视角回顾、梳理了西方教育评价理论与技术的发展，对称之为前三代评价的方法进行了描述，并分析了历史上对这些早期评价方法的批判，包括对价值多元化的排斥问题、管理主义倾向、对调查的科学范式的过度推崇等；进而指出，第四代评价方法能够有效回应价值多元化问题而被引入，论文重点探讨了第四代评价理论的思想及特点；在此基础上，从价值基础的演变、社会思潮的影响和方法论的转换等维度考察了教育评价理论与技术形成发展的社会文化基础。

Indeed, the test was so successful that Dr Bergmann hopes to obtain images that will reveal missing text from "The Method of Mechanical Theorems", the only copy of which is contained in the palimpsest.

实际上，这次测试非常成功，以至伯格曼博士希望能获取羊皮卷的影像来揭示《力学定律方法论》中缺失的文字内容，因为这份资料的唯一版本就在这份重写本中。

Crime composition ; dynamics ; methodology ; pandect ; sub-pandect

犯罪构成；动态；方法论；总论；分论

To overcome this methodological difficulty, in other words, to guarantee the writing of 'the history aesthetical culture'to be a contribution in a scientific sense rather than some sort of paronomasia, this article has to, on two different latitudes, break up the obstacles left by the academic research in the past.

为了克服这一方法论意义上的难点，也就是说，为了使"审美文化史"的写作并非沦为一种文字上的游戏而富有学科意义上的贡献，本文必须在两个不同的纬度上打破以往学术研究的壁垒和障碍。

After penetratively analysing the traditional transport planning methodologies in Chapter 3, the ICA's operating framework is systematiclly proposed, in which framework Regional City's HNP is illustated as a basic case.

第三章在剖析传统规划思想方法及前两章分析的基础上，从系统分析方法论的角度提出了运输规划的新思想方法——"整体协调法"，并以区域城市公路网规划为范例展示"整体协调法"的基本操作体系。

By means of the analysis of the dilemma in the traditional science covering epistemology and methodology, I spelt the fundamental cause and historic background of the birth of the strategy of Pera's rhetoric of science out, furthered to study some problems such as the functions, the rational rebuilding and the logic of rhetoric of science systematically, finally gave my explanation of Pera's dialectic model of science and my objective and comprehensive evaluation of Pera's rhetorical thoughts.

本文通过对支撑传统科学的两根支柱——认识论和方法论困境的分析，阐述了佩拉的科学修辞学战略产生的动因和历史背景。在此基础上，进一步对科学修辞学的功能、理性重建和逻辑等问题进行了系统阐述，最后对佩拉提出的科学辨证图景的合理性进行了说明，并对佩拉的科学修辞学战略给予了客观和全面的评价。

The dissertation puts forward some creative opinions about such aspects as sources of Wellek"s literary theories, the theory of "texture/structure,""intrinsic study/extrinsic approach," methodology of "perspectivism,""linguistic imperialism," and so-called "Exceeding Wellek.

论文在韦勒克文论的理论渊源、"材料／结构"说、"内部／外部研究"、"透视主义"方法论、"语言学帝国主义"、"超越韦勒克"等方面都提出了有新意的见解。

On the basis of the retrospective exploring of the formation and development of modern petrology,this paper discusses some dialectical problem s on the study of modern petrology systematically,the contents include scientific methodology and epistemology.

本文在回顾现代岩石学形成与发展的基础上，系统地探讨了现代岩石学研究中的若干辩证问题，内容涉及科学认识论和方法论两大主题。

Based on this analysis we give a deep discussion of the difference in their viewing concerning the same system and the resulted differentiation as two methodologies concerning phase of development, the boundary or internal of system being defined, the people oriented.

然后分析了它们在认识问题角度上的差别，从软件开发的阶段、所描述系统的部位、面向的人员等方面分析了它们作为软件方法论的区别和意义。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。