方法论

Section 3 probes the complexity of Vico\'s thoughts through discussing the works of Vico with exception of New Science .chapter 2 introduces and analysis New Science, The argument in this chapter are as follows:The epistemology of New Science isverura——factum, had been basing on this principle, Vico tried to developa new science——humanity and social sciences;(2)Methodology of NewScience: theme and theory in union, experience and rationality in union;(3) Conception of history of New Science: The theory of three stages and repeats itself of historical development, human society is created by itself;(4)Poetic wisdom, and its influences to aesthetics, literature and art theory;(5)The imagination theory of New Science, and its aesthetic significance as well as influences.

第一节论述《新科学》的认识论和题旨，指出《新科学》的认识论是真理——创造物原则，由此维柯试图创立一门"新科学"，即与自然科学相对的人文社会科学或者说文化哲学；第二节论述《新科学》的方法论：题材与学说的统一、经验与理性的统一；第三节论述《新科学》历史观：历史循环三阶段论、人类历史是由人类自己创造出来的，并提及其对人类学、美学的影响；第四节论述诗性智慧及其美学、文艺学影响；第五节论述《新科学》的想象理论及其美学意义和影响；第六节论述"发现真正的荷马"的内涵以及对社会历史批评的开创性意义。

The critical rationalism proofs that the demarcation standard between science and non-science is falsifiability; but Feyerabend insists that the demarcation standard between science and non-science should be cleared up. The core of critical rationalism is perjury methodology. He considers the scientific method is not induction but deduce inspection. Feyerabend retorts critical rationalism School still can't be escaped from angle of view of the logical empiricism.

批判理性主义论证了科学与非科学的划界标准是可证伪的；而费耶阿本德主张消解科学与非科学的划界标准；批判理性主义的核心思想是证伪主义方法论，认为科学的方法不是归纳法而是演绎检验法，费耶阿本德反驳到：批判理性主义学派依然逃脱不了逻辑经验主义学派的"经验论"视角。

Descartes puts forwards the method of general doubt to counteract the fideism in scholasticism and skepticism. The essence of Descartes' general doubt is not noumenon doubt but methodological one.

笛卡尔哲学思想因其普遍怀疑方法而独具魅力，它不仅为理性独断论的生成提供了方法论基础，而且为怀疑论的发展提供了强大的思想武器。

At first glance, this basic position unassailable, and even can be said is commendable; and, because of its conclusions with the specific content of the above-mentioned "Filmography" in nature, we can even say without hesitation that these results were "comprehensive."

我认为，在进行其学术研究的时候，许多研究者所采取的基本上是"手电筒式的"外在取向态度——也就是说，研究者出于这种态度而主要关注的，是外在的特定研究对象、由其他研究者以往的研究构成的基本学术脉络，同时却很少把目光转向自己，对自己所采取的基本立场、思维模式和方法论视角，进行清醒、深入、系统的批判反思。

John Fiske can provide us profound inspiration with his distinctive research method and perspectives.

菲斯克的这种媒介文化理论能够在方法论和研究立场上带给我们有益的启示和深刻的反思。

The major methodology is the structural analysis of crusted and lithosphere structures. The subject emphasize on the study of the basic characteristics, observation methods of small to middle scale structures. The course introduces the origin of fault, fold, joint, foliation and lineation, and the research method and thinking of modern structural geology.

构造地质学以构造分析作为研究地壳或岩石圈构造的方法论，主要研究中、小型尺度的基本构造特征、分类和观测方法，介绍断层、褶皱、节理、叶理和线理构造成因机制的基本理论及现代构造地质学的研究方法和思路。

As to methodology,it is based on"scientific"methods focusing on formal logic.

法律行为理论的观念史背景是古典自然法学，方法论基础是以形式逻辑为核心的"科学"方法。

Another purpose is to set up one basic frame of combination appraisal application in terms of methodology.

第三个目的是从方法论角度完善组合评价问题，尝试建立一个综合评价方法应用的基本框架。

This paper introduces the historical and methodological background and the basic ideas of the Freiburg School, and the links between it and German Social Market Economy.

本文首先介绍弗莱堡学派的历史背景及其方法论，然后叙述弗莱堡学派和德国社会市场经济之间的联系。

Einstein' s relativity, Freudism and Marxism, which are called the three main trends in modern western, made a great impact on the whole Popper' s philosophy system.

波普尔科学哲学中的反归纳法、证伪原则、知识增长的动态模式和批判的理性论是其政治哲学的方法论基础。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。