方叶

Events,Operation and Relation of Sets, Classical Probability, Geometrical Probability , Statistical Stability of a Frequency, Axioms of Probability, Conditional Probability, Total Probability Theorem, Bayes' Rule,Independent Events,Independent Repeated Trials, One Dimensional Random Variables, Discrete Random Variables, Distribution Function of a Random Variables , Continuous Random Variables, Normal Distribution, Distribution of a Function of a Random Variable, Multidimensional Random Variables, Joint Distribution Function, Marginal Distribution Function,Discrete Two—Dimensional Random Variables,Continuous Two—Dimensional Random Variables, Independent Random Variables, Distribution of Functions of Random Variables,Expectation,Variance, Covariance, Coefficient of Correlation, Bivariate Normal Distribution, Law of Large Numbers, The Central Limit Theorems, Sample and Population ,Chi—Squared, T and F Distributions , Sampling Distributions , Point Estimation , Interval Estimation , Testing Hypotheses , A Test of Significance for Parameters in a Single Sample From a Normally Distributed Population , A Test of Significance for Parameters in Two Sample From Normally Distributed Populations .

本课程的主要内容：概率的概念与运算、随机变量及其分布、随机变量的数字特征与极限定理、数理统计的基本概念、估计和检验的基本方法，随机事件与概率随机事件、事件的关系与运算、几何概率、统计概率等，条件概率、全概率公式、贝叶斯公式、事件的独立性、二项概率公式，随机变量的概念、离散型随机变量、随机变量的分布函数、连续型随机变量、随机变量函数的分布，多维随机变量及其分布函数、边缘分布函数、随机变量的独立性、二维随机变量函数的分布，数学期望、方差、协方差和相关系数、大数定律、中心极限定理，总体与样本， X 2-分布、 t-分布和 F-分布，统计量及抽样分布，假设检验的基本概念、单个正态总体参数的显著性检验、两个正态总体参数的显著性检验。

Its mean function, variance function and correlation coefficient function can be gained by the method in time domain.

该方法首先在时域进行全程分析，得到相关系数平稳过程的均值函数、方差函数和相关系数函数，然后可以对其进行傅里叶变换、短时傅里叶变换或小波变换，给出相关系数平稳过程的谱密度，同时提出了随机项谱密度和趋势项谱密度的概念。

Epistasis analyses of blast- and bacterial blight- resistance of rice and blast-resistance of barley

水稻群体中抗稻瘟病性状和抗白叶枯病性状的二位点互作效应分别能解释变异方差的2.6％-9.6％和1.4％-9.4％，而大麦群体中的二位点互作效应能解释变异方差的5.1％-20.5％。

A set of complex Morlet wavelet are applied on projection slice of each direction to decompose each projection into several frequency channels,the average and variance extracted are computed in each frequency channel,and then linear regression model is employed to computer realationship feature between frequency channels.1-D DFT is applied to features and the amplitudes of Fourier coefficient are selected as features,then the extracted features are rotation invariant.

该算法是将一定大小的图像进行二维傅里叶变换；其次在变换后的图像中央选择一个圆盘区域，并在方向［0°，180°］内进行等间隔角度频率抽样，实现方向分解，使用一组复Morlet小波对每个方向上的映射切片进行小波变换，从而实现多通道频率分解；在各个频率通道中计算均值和方差作为特征，并利用线性回归模型计算频率通道之间的关系特征；将特征沿方向进行一维傅里叶变换并取其幅值，从而得到旋转不变性特征。

Taking mapping QTL that affect leaf age growth trajectories in rice of a DH population as an example, we used 3 biological meaningful submodels and 2 orders Legendre polynomial to model the mean vector of QTL genotypes and 11 stationary and non-stationary models to fit residual covariance matrix.

以水稻一个DH群体的叶龄性状为例，我们分别用3个具有生物学意义的子模型和2阶Legendre多项式去拟合QTL基因型的均方向量，用13个平稳和非平稳模型去描述剩余协方差的变化。

After studying this phenomenon, the author finds that, the covariance matrix of the complex expressions of horizontal gradients of the disturbing gravity field elements has a structure of blockwise repetitive Toeplitz matrix, though the covariance within the disturbing gravity field elements is still anisotropic. Therefore, the collocation problem of the complex combination of horizontal components is similar to that of gravity anomaly, which makes the degradation be able to be completed by FFT transformation matrix.

作者研究发现，利用水平梯度的复组合，即复数表示后，扰动重力场元复组合之间的协方差函数尽管还是各向异性，但它们对应的协方差矩阵却具有分块 Toeplitz 循环阵的结构，因而水平分量复组合的配置问题与重力异常的配置问题相似，可以利用傅立叶变换矩阵进行降阶处理。

In the visual system, 5-HT/TPH-like immunoreactive neurons (ca.35 per hemisphere) were mainly situated between the optic lobe and lateral protocerebrum, the neurites of which either descended into the optic neuropils or ascended into the protocerebrum, thus possibly integrating the optic lobes and other brain regions.

TPH阳性神经元的类型、数目、分布位置、投射区域与5-HT基本相同。5-HT/TPH阳性神经元在视觉系统主要分布于视叶与侧前脑之间，每侧大约有35个，其轴突及分枝或下行进入视叶或上行进入前脑。5-HT/TPH阳性神经元在前脑分布于前脑背方、肯氏细胞两侧，大约有25个，轴突主要投射到蕈形体和中央复合体的广泛区域，另有个别神经元轴突下行投射进入视叶形成广泛分枝。

In the visual system, 5-HT/TPH-like immunoreactiveneurons (ca.35 per hemisphere) were mainly situated between the optic lobe and lateralprotocerebrum, the neurites of which either descended into the optic neuropils or ascendedinto the protocerebrum, thus possibly integrating the optic lobes and other brain regions. Inthe protocerebrum, 5-HT/TPH-like immunoreactive neurons (ca. 25) mainly distributed dorsalto the protocerebrum beside the Kenyon cells. Their axons directly projected into theprotocerebrum as well as the optic lobe.

TPH阳性神经元的类型、数目、分布位置、投射区域与5-HT基本相同。5-HT/TPH阳性神经元在视觉系统主要分布于视叶与侧前脑之间，每侧大约有35个，其轴突及分枝或下行进入视叶或上行进入前脑。5-HT/TPH阳性神经元在前脑分布于前脑背方、肯氏细胞两侧，大约有25个，轴突主要投射到蕈形体和中央复合体的广泛区域，另有个别神经元轴突下行投射进入视叶形成广泛分枝。

A general method for preparing multi-cyclic indolizine compounds(1a—1c, 2a—2b and 3) in moderate yields(45%—71%) by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of pyridinium N-ylides, isoquinolinium N-ylides or quinolinium N-ylides to 1,4,4a ,8a-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalene-5,8-dione, followed by an aromatization, in the presence of tetrakispyridine cobalt dichromate is described.

在 [ 4Co( HCr O4 ) 2 ]存在下，吡啶叶立德、喹啉叶立德或异喹啉叶立德分别和 1 ，4，4a，8a-四氢-1 ，4-桥亚甲基萘-5 ，8-二酮反应，一步法合成了中氮茚类多环化合物( 1 a～ 1 c，2 a～ 2 b，3 )。该方法原料易得，反应条件容易控制，为合成这类化合物提供了新方

Perfusion in the right parietal lobe in group2 was significantly lower than in group1 (P.01).（2）Average perfusions were higher in the right temporal and parietal lobes than in the left in all 3 groups.（3）Gray matter volumes were significantly smaller in group3 than in group2 (P.05); total cerebral spinal fluidsvolumes were significantly larger in group3 than in group1 and group2（P.05）; right hippocampus volumes were significantly smaller in group3 than in group1 （P.05）. Conclusions Age-related change of cerebral blood perfusions in the healthy elderly over 65 years is characterized with hypoperfusion in the right parietal.

结果（1）经方差分析，第2组和第3组脑组织几乎所有部位的灌注均低于第1组，其中第2组右顶叶灌注的放射性计数比值为0.87±0.18，低于第1组（RAR=0.98±0.17；P.01）；（2）经配对t检验，除第2组的双侧顶叶外，3组颞叶和顶叶的灌注均为右侧高于左侧（P.01和0.05）；（3）经方差分析，第3组的灰质体积占颅内容积的百分比［（47.59±1.26）%］小于第2组［（49.43±1.30）%］，总脑脊液体积占颅内容积的百分比［（14.61±3.16）%］大于第1组［（12.41±0.73）%］和第2组［（11.94±1.27）%］，右侧海马体积［（2.04±0.23）cm3］小于第1组［（2.27±0.20）cm3］，P均。05。

But we don't care about Battlegrounds.

但我们并不在乎沙场中的显露。

Ah! don't mention it, the butcher's shop is a horror.

啊！不用提了。提到肉，真是糟透了。